Wastewater containing heavy metals, such as nickel ions (Ni 2+), discharged from industry to water streams poses a serious threat because even at low concentrations, it does not naturally degrade and is toxic to human and aquatic life. This article reviews a novel technique for wastewater treatment using a Sayong ball clay (SBC) membrane to remove nickel from industrial wastewater. SBC powder was achieved through milling using a planetary ball mill (milling time; 10, 20 and 30 h), further labelled as SBC 10, SBC 20 and SBC 30, with a ball-to-powder of ratio 7:1 and rotation speed of 300 rpm. The physical characteristics of the apparent porosities, bulk density and shrinkage were investigated. XRD was used to study the phase, while FESEM was used to analyse the microstructure of the fired membrane. The FESEM microstructure indicates a decreased particle size (SB30). Filtration was conducted using a dead-end filtration system. The fabricated SBC 10, 20 and 30 membranes showed significant removal of nickel from industrial wastewater-88.87%, 82.96% and 85.13%, respectively. This study revealed that the SBC membrane is a promising membrane to remove nickel from industrial wastewater. The results also indicate the possibility of highlighting the introduced technique as a new technique for the treatment of industrial wastewater. As a new trend for waste management, pollution prevention could be applied in Malaysia as one of the advanced biotechnologies to solve various environmental problems.
The paper presents a robust feedback control method to suppress the vibration and squeal noise phenomenon in disc brake model using an active force control (AFC) strategy. A two degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) Wagner model was considered in the study as the main dynamical element to be controlled. The system was tested for robustness and effectiveness in reducing the vibration and squeal, taking into account a number of disturbances acting on the system. Three control schemes were simulated and compared involving the classic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, AFC with crude approximation (AFCCA) and AFC with fuzzy logic (AFCFL) schemes. The AFC-based schemes show superior performance compared to the PID only counterpart with the AFCFL method producing the best performance.
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