BACKGROUND: Tobacco was introduced into Europe in the late 15 th century. Portuguese traders introduced it to India in late 16 th or early 17 th century. Since then, tobacco use has spread with remarkable rapidity, into all sections of people. Now tobacco is used in different forms out of which some are in form of smoking like cigarette, bidi whereas some are smokeless e.g., chewing, application over the teeth & the gingiva. Among tobacco habituated Indian population, about 70% are in the smoking form. 1 Passive smoking is also a significant health hazard. There is a vital role of dental practitioners in identifying individuals at risk of mucosal disease, the importance of public education about the risk factors, and the necessity for counseling patients with precancerous lesions on avoiding further risk. 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To study clinico-pathological & cytological changes in oral mucosal cells of people with the habit of smoking tobacco by using exfoliative cytology and PAP stain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The oral exfoliative cytology smears are taken from 60 person (30 smoking habit & 30 control) from the oral pathology department of K M Shah Dental College & Hospital. The smears are spread on the glass slide and are fixed with 95% ethyl alcohol. The slides are stained with papanicolaou stain and observed under microscope. RESULTS: The result showed that the anucleated cells (Precancerous feature) are increased in patient with smoking habit as compared to control group. Anucleated cells are highest in oral sub mucous fibrosis group of patients.
BACKGROUND: The retromolar fossa, a small triangular area posterolateral to third molar in mandible, contains the retromolar foramen (RMF) and retromolar canal (RMC), as an anatomical variation. When the foramen present, the foramen is connected with mandibular canal through another canal known as retromolar canal and it contain neurovascular bundles, which gives additional supplies to mandible. The detailed knowledge of this anatomical variation is important in surgical procedures involving the retromolar area to protect the patient from complications such as unexpected bleeding or nerve damage & better understanding about failed inferior alveolar nerve block, spread of infection & metastasis in case of carcinoma. AIMS & OBJECTIVES: To study the possible variations in position of retromolar foramen (or canal) i.e. distance of RMF (or RMC) from the posterior border of 3rd molar socket, anterior border of the ramus & lingula and document its incidence in Indian population. MATERIALS & METHODS: 224 (Male-134, Female-90) dried fully ossified adult human mandibles are examined for the presence of retromolar foramen and canal. The retromolar foramen are observed and its distance from the posterior border of 3rd molar socket, anterior border of the ramus, and lingula are measured. RESULTS: The retromolar foramen and canal are found in 33 among 224 mandibles (14.7%) of which 11 on the right side (4.9%), 7 on the left side (3.1%) and 15 bilaterally (6.7%) (Table I). The RMF is found on 14 (6.2%) mandibles of male and 19 (8.5%) of female. The observed distance of RMF from posterior border of 3rd molar socket, anterior border of the ramus, and lingula varies between 3 to 10 mm, 4 to 11 mm & 3 to 9 mm respectively in right side and 5 to 12 mm, 3 to 11 mm, and 2 to 8 mm respectively in left side. CONCLUSION: The incidence of RMF in our study suggest that RMF or RMC is not a rare anatomical structure. So, every anesthetist and dental surgeon should confirm the location of RMF prior to performing any anesthetic and surgical procedure involving the retromolar area. The percentage of occurrence of RMF is more common in females as compared to males. It is more common in right side of mandible. The bilateral presence of RMF also found to be higher in females. The position of RMF is nearer to third molar in right side in comparison to left side.
Background:The mental foramen is an important anatomical land mark, which is helpful in performing different types of surgical procedures & giving local anesthetics for various types of oral as well as maxillofacial surgeries. The understanding about the anatomy of this region is very helpful in performing effective nerve blocks & avoiding injuries to the neurovascular bundles. Therefore, we study about the anatomical location, directions of exit, size & shape of the mental foramen of the mandible in the population of Bihar & compare it with the findings of the different studies. Materials & Methods:The present study is a cross sectional study which has been carried out on 140 dried fully ossified dentulous adult human mandibles (280 sides). The age & gender of the bones used in the study was not predetermined. Result: The most common shape of mental foramen recorded in the present study was round shaped (59.29%). The commonest way of it's exit was in the postero superior direction (93.21%) in both the sides. Mean transverse diameter were 3.34 mm on right side & 3.56 mm on left side whereas mean vertical diameter were 2.94 mm and 3.24 mm for right and left side respectively. The most frequent position of foramen in relation to the lower teeth were below the apex of 2 nd premolar on both the right (36.79%) as well as the left (37.5%) side. The distance between the mental foramen & symphysis menti were 29.01±1.24 mm on the right side & 28.84±1.12 mm on the left side. The distance between the mental foramen & posterior border of ramus were 72.23±1.28 mm on the right side & 79.61±1.76 mm on the left side. While, the results of the measurement between the mental foramen & alveolar crest were 17.54±1.83 mm on the right side & 17.74±1.36 mm on the left side and between the mental foramen & inferior border of body of the mandible were 17.1±1.43 mm & 17.51±1.25 mm on the right & the left side respectively. Conclusion:This study provides the necessary data regarding the mental foramen location and its morphometry which may be helpful for the dental surgeons in avoiding injuries of the mental nerve while doing different types of surgeries around this region.
Purpose: Young individuals regularly consume a wide range of drinks with caffeine content. In this study, healthy young subjects' intraocular pressure (IOP) was evaluated in relation to energy drinks, tea,coffee and water. Methodology: A prospective longitudinal, multi-centered study was conducted from March 2022 to August 2022. Data was collected through non-probability consecutive sampling technique. A total of 100 subjects of both genders (male and female) age ranging between 15 to 30 years were included. A thorough ophthalmic examination was required for subjects to satisfy a set of study protocol, that included not suffering any ocular diseases, intraocular pressure of 10-20 mmHg, absence of systemic diseases. Exclusion criteria included patient who had undergone anterior and posterior segment ophthalmic surgeries. The participants were randomized into four groups at random. Each group comprises of 25 subjects. IOP was measured before as baseline and after 60 min of intake. SPSS was used for data analysis. Results: Out of 100 subjects 77 were female and 33 were male. The first group consumed tea, the second group coffee, the third group energy drinks, and the fourth group water. Baseline IOP on average in each group water, tea, coffee and energy drink intake was 15.58 ± 1.79, 15.49 ± 1.87, 15.23 ± 1.05, 15.68 ± 1.32 respectively. While IOP was 14.89±2.01, 15.01 ± 1.23, 15.67±1.98 and 16.01 ± 2.33 after 60 minutes of consuming water, tea, coffee, and energy drinks. IOP fluctuations between before and after consuming water, tea, coffee, and energy drinks were 0.69, 0.48, -0.75, and -1.29. Practical Implication: This study has important clinical implications since it may help people realise they should limit their intake of certain beverages in order to lower their intraocular pressure (IOP). No research on the impact of beverages on intraocular pressure (IOP) has been done in Pakistan, as far as we are aware. This led to the formulation of the current investigation. Conclusion: Two groups demonstrated an increase in IOP, whereas the IOP in the other two groups declined. Compared to tea consumption, which has a modest quantity of caffeine, consuming coffee and energy drinks raises intraocular pressure. This study suggested avoidance of coffee and energy drinks intake should be emphasized prior to IOP measurement to avoid any potential error. Keywords: intraocular pressure, beverages, energy drinks, tea, coffee, water
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