The Arctic shelf is currently undergoing dramatic thermal changes caused by the continued warming associated with Holocene sea level rise. During this transgression, comparatively warm waters have flooded over cold permafrost areas of the Arctic Shelf. A thermal pulse of more than 10°C is still propagating down into the submerged sediment and may be decomposing gas hydrate as well as permafrost. A search for gas venting on the Arctic seafloor focused on pingo‐like‐features (PLFs) on the Beaufort Sea Shelf because they may be a direct consequence of gas hydrate decomposition at depth. Vibracores collected from eight PLFs had systematically elevated methane concentrations. ROV observations revealed streams of methane‐rich gas bubbles coming from the crests of PLFs. We offer a scenario of how PLFs may be growing offshore as a result of gas pressure associated with gas hydrate decomposition.

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Morphologic features, 600-1100 m across and elevated up to 30 m above the surrounding seafloor, interpreted to be mud volcanoes were investigated on the continental slope in the Beaufort Sea in the Canadian Arctic. Sediment cores, detailed mapping with an autonomous underwater vehicle, and exploration with a remotely operated vehicle show that these are young and actively forming features experiencing ongoing eruptions. Biogenic methane and low-chloride, sodium-bicarbonate-rich waters are extruded with warm sediment that accumulates to form cones and low-relief circular plateaus. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the ascending water indicate that a mixture of meteoric water, seawater, and water from clay dehydration has played a significant role in the evolution of these fluids. The venting methane supports extensive siboglinid tubeworms communities and forms some gas hydrates within the near seafloor. We believe that these are the first documented living chemosynthetic biological communities in the continental slope of the western Arctic Ocean.

Radiocarbon-dated peat and peaty clay samples from geotechnical boreholes in the Canadian Beaufort continental shelf have been used to reconstruct a late Quaternary relative sea-level (RSL) curve. The samples were carefully selected and evaluated using palynological techniques, to ensure that reasonable age error limits could be given to each sample. The dated samples were then related to the local geological setting, using seismic profiles to determine the environment of deposition. The resulting data show a rise of 140 m in RSL since 27 000 years BP. A minor lowering of RSL at some time between 20 000 and 10 000 years BP is inferred from acoustic data. Contributions from basin subsidence, sediment loading, and consolidation account for 35 m of the total RSL rise. The RSL curve is interpreted in the light of recent models of the isostatic and eustatic responses of the Earth's crust at the Laurentide ice-sheet margin. Ice may have been more extensive during the middle Wisconsinan than previously thought and may have caused the major lowering of sea level in the shelf area. This ice may have advanced to within several hundred kilometres of the Mackenzie Delta – Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula coast. An ice readvance of late Wisconsinan age probably caused a subsequent minor lowering of RSL.

[1] A finite element geothermal model is developed for the outer Mackenzie Delta-Beaufort Sea shelf to predict permafrost evolution since the Last Interglacial~130-116 kaBP(cal). The purpose is to reconcile sparse observations of the depth and extent of ice-bonded permafrost with sediment properties and the paleoenvironment. Sea level curves determine, as a function of time, areas of the shelf that were subaerially exposed, promoting permafrost aggradation, and areas that were submerged, promoting permafrost degradation. Assuming as a model starting point that a paleoclimate similar to today persisted through the Last Interglacial, permafrost subsequently aggrades in depth and advances seaward from the present shoreline to the shelf/slope bathymetric break by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)~26 kaBP(cal). Modeled permafrost exhibits reduced growth in depth and seaward progression that correlate with early and middle Wisconsin stillstands in sea level. Following the LGM and rise in sea level, offshore permafrost degrades and permafrost base rises~100 m to its present depth of 600 m. The offshore limit of modeled ice-bonded permafrost lies at the~95 m isobath, within 1 km of the bathymetric shelf/slope break. The model replicates features of offshore permafrost body observed seismically and demonstrates that warm outflow from the Mackenzie River depresses the upper surface of offshore permafrost by tens of meters to the 20 m isobath. Although Pleistocene permafrost predated the Wisconsinan, the model demonstrates that the paleoenvironment of the last 125,000 years is sufficient to develop the depth, seaward extent, and principal features of the permafrost body.