Background: Characterizing short-term detection patterns of young women's incident a-genus human papillomavirus (HPV) infections may further our understanding of HPV transmission.Methods: Between 2000 and 2007, we followed 18-to 22-year-old female university students with triannual HPV DNA and Papanicolaou testing. Using Kaplan-Meier methods, we estimated duration of detectable, type-specific incident infections; time to redetection (among infections that became undetectable); and time to cervical lesion development after incident infection. We evaluated risk factors for short-term persistent versus transient infection with logistic regression.Results: Three hundred three incident, type-specific infections were detected in 85 sexually active women. Median time to first negative test after incident infection was 9.4 (95% CI: 7.8-11.2) months; 90.6% of infections became undetectable within 2 years. About 19.4% of infections that became undetectable were redetected within 1 year. Cervical lesions were common and 60% were positive for multiple HPV types in concurrent cervical swabs. Incident HPV detection in the cervix only (vs. the vulva/vagina only or both sites) was associated with short-term transience.Conclusions: Although most incident infections became undetectable within 2 years, redetection was common. Cervical lesions were a common early manifestation of HPV infection.Impact: It remains unclear whether potentially modifiable risk factors can be identified to reduce infection duration (and transmission likelihood). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 699-707. Ó2011 AACR.
Background The efficacy of various antiretroviral (ARV) therapy regimens for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection remains unclear. HIV-2 is intrinsically resistant to the nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and to enfuvirtide and may also be less susceptible than HIV-1 to some protease inhibitors (PIs). However, the mutations in HIV-2 that confer ARV resistance are not well characterized. Methods Twenty-three patients were studied as part of an ongoing prospective longitudinal cohort study of ARV therapy for HIV-2 infection in Senegal. Patients were treated with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)– and PI (indinavir)–based regimens. HIV-2 pol genes from these patients were genotyped, and the mutations predictive of resistance in HIV-2 were assessed. Correlates of ARV resistance were analyzed. Results Multiclass drug–resistance mutations (NRTI and PI) were detected in strains in 30% of patients; 52% had evidence of resistance to at least 1 ARV class. The reverse-transcriptase mutations M184V and K65R, which confer high-level resistance to lamivudine and emtricitabine in HIV-2, were found in strains from 43% and 9% of patients, respectively. The Q151M mutation, which confers multinucleoside resistance in HIV-2, emerged in strains from 9% of patients. HIV-1–associated thymidine analogue mutations (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, and T215Y/F) were not observed, with the exception of K70R, which was present together with K65R and Q151M in a strain from 1 patient. Eight patients had HIV-2 with PI mutations associated with indinavir resistance, including K7R, I54M, V62A, I82F, L90M, L99F; 4 patients had strains with multiple PI resistance–associated mutations. The duration of ARV therapy was positively associated with the development of drug resistance (P = .02). Nine (82%) of 11 patients with HIV-2 with detectable ARV resistance had undetectable plasma HIV-2 RNA loads (<1.4 log10 copies/mL), compared with 3 (25%) of 12 patients with HIV-2 with detectable ARV resistance (P = .009). Patients with ARV-resistant virus had higher plasma HIV-2 RNA loads, compared with those with non–ARV-resistant virus (median, 1.7 log10 copies/mL [range, <1.4 to 2.6 log10 copies/mL] vs. <1.4 log10 copies/mL [range, <1.4 to 1.6 log10 copies/mL]; P = .003). Conclusions HIV-2–infected individuals treated with ARV therapy in Senegal commonly have HIV-2 mutations consistent with multiclass drug resistance. Additional clinical studies are required to improve the efficacy of primary and salvage treatment regimens for treating HIV-2 infection.
Background Optimal care of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) requires an accurate assessment of HIV-2 plasma viral load (VL), but no clinically-approved quantitative HIV-2 RNA VL assay exists. Objectives To validate a novel quantitative HIV-2 RNA assay for clinical and research use. Study Design The Abbott m2000sp/rt platform was adapted for quantification of HIV-2 RNA in plasma. Amplification targeted a region of the long terminal repeat conserved in Group A and B HIV-2. Electron microscopy-counted-HIV-2 standards, the WHO/NIBSC HIV-2 International Standard and clinical specimens (N=162) were used to determine the precision, sensitivity, specificity, linear range, accuracy, and clinical performance of the assay. Results The quantitative linear range of the HIV-2 RNA assay was 10–1,000,000 copies/mL (R2 >0.99), with a limit of detection of 8 copies/mL (95% CI, 5–18 copies/ml). The assay did not cross-react with HIV-1, and quantification of HIV-2 RNA was not affected by the presence of >5 log10 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. The total standard deviation (SD) and intra- and inter- run SD were 0.095, 0.093 and 0.162, respectively, at nominal inputs of 3.7, 1.7 and 1.0 log10 HIV-2 RNA copies/mL. The HIV-2 WHO/NIBSC International Standard (1000 IU) was shown to contain 152 RNA copies/mL (95% CI 141–163). Overall, HIV-2 RNA was quantified at ≥ 10 copies/mL from 86 (53%) clinical specimens (median, 2.24 log10copies/mL; range 10–16870), and nine specimens (6%) had HIV-2 RNA detected at <10 copies/mL. Conclusions We developed and validated a highly-sensitive HIV-2 VL assay that is suitable for clinical and research use.
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