Parents' decision making was related directly to end-of-life experience and grief process. Providers need to orient to parents' end-of-life concerns to support parents' decision-making process and improve donation after circulatory determination of death procedures.
Psychosocial benefits of activism include increased empowerment, social connectedness, and resilience. Yet sexual minority women (SMW) and transgender individuals with multiple oppressed statuses and identities are especially prone to oppression-based experiences, even within minority activist communities. This study sought to develop an empirical model to explain the diverse meanings of social justice activism situated in SMW and transgender individuals' social identities, values, and experiences of oppression and privilege. Using a grounded theory design, 20 SMW and transgender individuals participated in initial, follow-up, and feedback interviews. The most frequent demographic identities were queer or bisexual, White, middle-class women with advanced degrees. The results indicated that social justice activism was intensely relational, replete with multiple benefits, yet rife with experiences of oppression from within and outside of activist communities. The empirically derived model shows the complexity of SMW and transgender individuals' experiences, meanings, and benefits of social justice activism.
Social justice–oriented development was examined by recruiting practicum trainees from a site selected for its unique emphasis on feminist multiculturalism and social justice. The grounded theory design triangulated multiple data from 20 female participants. Analysis yielded an empirical model of how core experiences contributed to 3 types of growth: (a) doing your own work, (b) honoring your voice and others’ voices, and (c) challenging power to create systemic change. Counseling, supervision, and training implications are provided.
Given the importance of qualitative methods to social justice psychological research, qualitative methods training needs to begin at the undergraduate level. Faculty-led research projects are a prime opportunity for ongoing faculty supervision and extensive student growth. Based on our review of the literature and our teaching of 3 undergraduate students, we describe procedures for how to provide instruction for qualitative interview skills in 3 domains: procedural, interpersonal, and reflexive. Procedural learning is specific to practical issues, such as scheduling and recording. Interpersonal skills are about the human-to-human connection in the interview and maintaining rapport. Reflexive skills include the interviewer's continued reflection on all aspects of the research. Based on real-life examples (captured via field notes, journals, and peer debriefing), the authors propose training procedures based on an emerging developmental framework across the 3 skill domains: procedural, interpersonal, and reflexivity. The developmental framework is derived from the observational data and includes 3 recursive phases that describe students' learning trajectory: Phase 1: Directed Interviewer; Phase 2: Guided Interviewer; and Phase 3: Collegial Interviewer. At each developmental phase, we recommend student learning objectives and corresponding teaching strategies. The recommended teaching strategies serve to bolster qualitative research's future impact in psychology.
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