Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of nosocomial infections and also leads to severe exacerbations in cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Three intertwined quorum sensing systems control virulence of P. aeruginosa, with the rhl circuit playing the leading role in late and chronic infections. The majority of traits controlled by rhl transcription factor RhlR depend on PqsE, a dispensable thioesterase in Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal (PQS) biosynthesis that interferes with RhlR through an enigmatic mechanism likely involving direct interaction of both proteins. Here we show that PqsE and RhlR form a 2:2 protein complex that, together with RhlR agonist N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), solubilizes RhlR and thereby renders the otherwise insoluble transcription factor active. We determine crystal structures of the complex and identify residues essential for the interaction. To corroborate the chaperone-like activity of PqsE, we design stability-optimized variants of RhlR that bypass the need for C4-HSL and PqsE in activating PqsE/RhlR-controlled processes of P. aeruginosa. Together, our data provide insight into the unique regulatory role of PqsE and lay groundwork for developing new P. aeruginosa-specific pharmaceuticals.
A major drawback for practical application of halohydrin dehalogenase HheG in biocatalysis is its rather low thermal stability and low organic solvent tolerance. We therefore pursued a stabilization of HheG via immobilization as cross‐linked enzyme crystals. Since glutaraldehyde inactivates HheG, we introduced a cysteine residue in the crystal interface, which enabled thiol‐specific cross‐linking at well‐defined cross‐linking sites. Variant HheG D114C displayed improved crystallizability and yielded stable and catalytically active CLECs using bis‐maleimidoethane as cross‐linker. Effective cross‐linking at the predefined site could be confirmed via the CLEC crystal structure. Compared to soluble enzyme, the CLECs displayed significantly improved stability and activity at higher temperatures, lower pH values and in the presence of water‐miscible organic solvents, which enabled their reuse over 21 days in the azidolysis of cyclohexene oxide.
A major drawback for practical application of halohydrin dehalogenase HheG in biocatalysis is its rather low thermal stability and low organic solvent tolerance. We therefore pursued a stabilization of HheG via immobilization as cross-linked enzyme crystals. Since glutaraldehyde inactivates HheG, we introduced a cysteine residue in the crystal interface, which enabled thiol-specific cross-linking at predefined cross-linking sites. Variant HheG D114C displayed improved crystallizability and yielded stable and catalytically active CLECs using bis-maleimidoethane as cross-linker. Effective cross-linking at the predefined site could be confirmed via the CLEC crystal structure. Compared to soluble enzyme, the CLECs displayed significantly improved stability and activity at higher temperatures, lower pH values and in the presence of water-miscible organic solvents, which enabled their reuse over 21 days in the azidolysis of cyclohexene oxide.
Monoheme c-type cytochromes are important electron transporters in all domains of life. They possess a common fold hallmarked by three α-helices that surround a covalently attached heme. An intriguing feature of many monoheme c-type cytochromes is their capacity to form oligomers by exchanging at least one of their α-helices, which is often referred to as 3D domain swapping. Here, the crystal structure of NirC, a c-type cytochrome co-encoded with other proteins involved in nitrite reduction by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has been determined. The crystals diffracted anisotropically to a maximum resolution of 2.12 Å (spherical resolution of 2.83 Å) and initial phases were obtained by Fe-SAD phasing, revealing the presence of 11 NirC chains in the asymmetric unit. Surprisingly, these protomers arrange into one monomer and two different types of 3D domain-swapped dimers, one of which shows pronounced asymmetry. While the simultaneous observation of monomers and dimers probably reflects the interplay between the high protein concentration required for crystallization and the structural plasticity of monoheme c-type cytochromes, the identification of conserved structural motifs in the monomer together with a comparison with similar proteins may offer new leads to unravel the unknown function of NirC.
SynopsisThe crystal structure of the c-type cytochrome NirC from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been determined and reveals the simultaneous presence of monomers and 3D-domain-swapped dimers in the same asymmetric unit.Abstract Monoheme c-type cytochromes are important electron transporters in all domains of life.They possess a common fold hallmarked by three α-helices that surround a covalently attached heme.An intriguing feature of many monoheme c-type cytochromes is their capacity to form oligomers by exchanging at least one of their α-helices, which is often referred to as 3D domain swapping. Here, we have determined the crystal structure of NirC, a c-type cytochrome co-encoded with other proteins involved in nitrite reduction by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crystals diffracted anisotropically to a maximum resolution of 2.12 Å (spherical resolution 2.83 Å) and initial phases were obtained by Fe-SAD phasing, revealing the presence of eleven NirC chains in the asymmetric unit. Surprisingly, these protomers arrange into one monomer and two different types of 3D-domain-swapped dimers, one showing pronounced asymmetry. While the simultaneous observation of monomers and dimers probably reflects the interplay between high protein concentration required for crystallization and the structural plasticity of monoheme c-type cytochromes, the identification of conserved structural motifs in the monomer together with a comparison to similar proteins may offer new leads to unravel the unknown function of NirC.Acta Crystallographica Section D research papers
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