Chronic constipation is a considerable problem because it significantly affects the quality of a patient's life. Constipation can be diagnosed at every age and is more frequent in women and among the elderly. In epidemiological studies, its incidence is estimated at 2-27% in the general population. Chronic constipation may be primary or secondary. However, primary constipation (functional or idiopathic) can be classified into normal transit constipation, slow transit constipation, and pelvic outlet obstruction. In this review we make an attempt to present the current pathophysiological aspects and new therapeutic options for chronic idiopathic constipation, particularly highlighting the value of patient assessment for accurate diagnosis of the cause of the problem, thus helping in the choice of appropriate treatment.
Anorectal incontinence is a symptom of a complex multifactorial disorder involving the pelvic floor and anorectum, which is a severe disability and a major social problem. Various causes may affect the anatomical and functional integrity of the pelvic floor and anorectum, leading to the anorectal continence disorder and incontinence. The most common cause of anorectal incontinence is injury of the sphincter muscles following delivery or anorectal surgeries. Although the exact incidence of anorectal incontinence is unknown, various studies suggest that it affects ~2.2-8.3% of adults, with a significant prevalence in the elderly (>50%). The successful treatment of anorectal incontinence depends on the accurate diagnosis of its cause. This can be achieved by a thorough assessment of patients. The management of incontinent patients involves conservative therapeutic procedures, surgical techniques, and minimally invasive approaches.
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