Our study demonstrates potential beneficial effects of probiotics on inflammation, uremic toxins, and GI Symptoms in ESRD patients. Future large-scale clinical studies are required to assess its benefits on other important clinical outcomes including patient mortality.
Context: There is mounting evidence suggesting bidirectional crosstalk between microbiota and host. However, the effects of probiotics on renal function and uremic toxins in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are unclear. Evidence Acquisitions: A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception through November 2017 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of probiotics on renal function and uremic toxins in CKD patients. Effect estimates from the individual studies were extracted and combined using fixed-effect meta-analysis with inverse variance weights. Results: Five RCTs with 161 CKD patients were enrolled. Compared to controls, there were no significant differences in serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after post-probiotic course (4 weeks to 6 months) with standardized mean differences (SMDs) of 0.01 (95% CI -0.29 to 0.30) and -0.01 (95% CI -0.43 to 0.41), respectively. Compared to the controls, p-cresol levels were significantly reduced after treatment with probiotics with SMD of -0.61 (95% CI -1.04 to -0.19). No significant infectious complications were noted during treatment with probiotics in CKD patients. Conclusions: Based on the findings of our meta-analysis, there are no significant changes in serum creatinine or eGFR after short-term treatment with probiotics, when compared to controls. However, our meta-analysis suggests potential beneficial effects of probiotics on uremic toxins in CKD patients. Future studies are required to assess its long-term effects on CKD progression and uremic toxins. ABSTRACT Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:The impact of probiotics on renal function and uremic toxins in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are unclear. In this systematic review and meta-analysis consisting of five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 161 CKD patients, we demonstrate no significant changes in creatinine and eGFR after short-term treatment with probiotics when compared to controls. However, there are potential beneficial effects of probiotics on uremic toxins in CKD patients.W. The effects of probiotics on renal function and uremic toxins in patients with chronic kidney disease; a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
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