Background The fronds of Drynaria quercifolia have traditionally been used in rheumatic pain management. The goal of the present study was to validate the potent anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatoid properties of the methanolic-extract of its rhizome using in vitro, in vivo and in silico strategies. Methods The plant was collected and the methanolic extract was prepared from its rhizome. Protein denaturation test, hypotonicity and heat-induced haemolysis assays were performed in vitro. The in vivo anti-rheumatoid potential was assessed in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced Wistar rat model through inflammatory paw-edema, haematological, biochemical, radiological and histopathological measurements. Moreover, metabolites of methanolic extract were screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 3D molecular structures of active components were utilized for in silico docking study using AutoDock. Results In vitro results evinced a significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity of the rhizome methanolic extract in a dose-linear response. Further, Drynaria quercifolia rhizome methanolic extract (DME) significantly ameliorated rheumatoid arthritis as indicated by the inhibition of arthritic paw-edema (in millimeter) in the rat rheumatoid arthritis models in both the low (57.71 ± 0.99, p < 0.01) and high dose groups (54.45 ± 1.30, p < 0.001) when compared to arthritic control. Treatment with DME also normalized the haematological (RBC, WBC, platelet counts and hemoglobin contents) and biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, creatinine and ceruloplasmin) significantly (p < 0.05), which were further supported by histopathological and radiological analyses. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of DME demonstrated the presence of 47 phytochemical compounds. Compounds like Squalene, Gamma Tocopherol, n-Hexadecanoic acid showed potent inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL-6) in the docking analysis. Conclusion Results from in vivo and in vitro studies indicated that DME possesses a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. In silico studies delineated the emergent potent inhibitory effects of several bio-active components on the target inflammatory markers (COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6).
In this study, the two lactic acid bacterial strains Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus lactis previously isolated from soft chhurpi, a traditionally fermented milk product prepared by the indigenous community of Sikkim Himalayas and healthy human gut were used. In this study, we attempted to investigate the probiotic attributes, safety, and health beneficial role, and hypercholesterolemia of Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus lactis. Both probiotic potential strains showed good hypocholesterolemic activity in vitro along with tolerance to acid pH (2 and 2.5), tolerance to three bile salts, oxbile, cholic acid, and taurocholic acid (0.5 and 1%), presence of BSH enzyme and its activity, and cell surface adherence. On assessing for safety, both LAB strains were sensitive to antibiotics and exhibited no hemolytic activity. The probiotic strains were tested in vivo in the Sprague–Dawley rats which were divided into five experimental groups: Normal Control (ND), probiotic strain Enterococcus durans HS03 (BSH-negative) and high-cholesterol diet (HCD1), probiotic strain Enterococcus lactis YY1 (BSH-positive) and high-cholesterol diet (HCD2), and a combination of both strains and high-cholesterol diet (HCD3) and Negative Control (HCD). The probiotic-treated groups HCD1, HCD2, and HCD3 showed a decrease in serum cholesterol levels up to 22.55, 6.67, and 31.06%; the TG and VLDL concentrations were 25.39, 26.3, and 33.21%; reduction in LDL-cholesterol was 33.66, 28.50, and 35.87%; and increase of HDL was 38.32, 47.9, and 41.92%. Similarly, the effects of total cholesterol and TG in the liver, kidney and liver histopathology, liver and body lipid index, and oxidative stress in rat liver were also studied. The fecal lactobacilli were more in the samples of the probiotic-treated groups and their fecal coliform and E. coli counts decreased relatively as compared to the control groups in 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. This is the first report on the probiotic potential of Enterococcus durans HS03 and Enterococcus lactis YY1 strains that gives a new insight into the cholesterol-lowering and probiotic product development with wide health attributes.
Equisetum diffusum D. Don (Fam. Equisetaceae), commonly known as ‘Himalayan horsetail’ is an important medicinal pteridophyte species having various ethnobotanical properties; and traditionally been used in the treatment of back pain, bone fracture, bone dislocation, and arthritis by various tribal communities of India. Although the pharmacological uses are known, no study related to its ethnobotanical validation in experimental animal models has been reported till date. The goal of the present study was to validate the anti-inflammatory properties of the whole plant methanolic-extract (EDME) using in silico, in vitro,and in vivo strategies. The GC-MS analysis of EDME detected the presence of 47 phyto-compounds, out of which Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one and 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl showed good inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and IL-6 respectively compared to standard NSAIDs, in docking analysis. In vitro anti-inflammatory studies indicated that EDME inhibits 48.2 ± 3.74% of protein denaturation at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml compared to standard diclofenac sodium (57.6 ± 3.70%at 100 μg/ml concentration). The similar concentration (1000 μg/ml) of extract inhibits heat-induced (33.6 ± 2.55%) and hypotonicity-induced (58.1 ± 3.39%) erythrocyte membrane lyses respectively, compared to indomethacin standard (45.6 ± 2.36% and 67.2 ± 1.45% respectively at 200 μg/ml concentration). The in vivoanti-inflammatory study of EDME showed 52.26% and 73.36% reduction in paw-edema in both low and high-dose protective groups respectively, when compared to the carrageenan control-group. Our findings established the anti-inflammatory roles of the whole plant methanolic extract of Equisetum diffusum on strong ground which may encourage drug-development for the treatment of inflammation-related complications.
Equisetum diffusum D. Don (Fam. Equisetaceae), commonly known as ‘Himalayan horsetail’, is an important medicinal pteridophyte species having various ethnobotanical properties; and traditionally been used in the treatment of back pain, bone fracture, bone dislocation, and arthritis by various tribal communities of India. Although the pharmacological uses are known, no study related to its ethnobotanical validation in experimental animal models has been reported till date. The goal of the present study was to validate the anti-inflammatory properties of the whole plant methanolic-extract (EDME) using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo strategies. The GC-MS analysis of EDME detected the presence of 47 phyto-compounds, out of which Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one and 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl showed good inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and IL-6 respectively compared to standard NSAIDs, in docking analysis. In vitro anti-inflammatory studies indicated that EDME inhibits 48.2 ± 3.74% of protein denaturation at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml compared to standard diclofenac sodium (57.6 ± 3.70% at 100 µg/ml concentration). The similar concentration (1000 µg/ml) of extract inhibits heat-induced (33.6 ± 2.55%) and hypotonicity-induced (58.1 ± 3.39%) erythrocyte membrane lyses respectively, compared to indomethacin standard (45.6 ± 2.36% and 67.2 ± 1.45% respectively at 200 µg/ml concentration). The in vivo anti-inflammatory study of EDME showed 52.26% and 73.36% reduction in paw-edema in both low and high dose protective groups respectively, when compared to the carrageenan control-group. Our findings established the anti-inflammatory roles of the whole plant methanolic extract of Equisetum diffusum on strong ground which may encourage drug-development for the treatment of inflammation-related complications.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.