Man has been dependent on vegetation in different forms since antiquity. Plants and trees have been used in the form of medications since the old times. Although the use of plant parts in the form of medicine has been less than that of the plants, therefore today it is necessary to explore some such medicinal trees. Among these, one of these trees is Arjun, whose bark is described also in Ayurveda due to its divine medicinal properties in heart diseases. The present study based on the isolation and analysis of the Phyto-constituents of the stem bark extract of Terminalia arjuna member to the family Combretaceae collected from different agro-climatic zones of India. The samples were subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis i.e., arjunolic acid, screening by implementing the standard procedure. Observation has shown the presence of arjunolic acid in the stem bark extracts in different fractions obtained by the use of various organic solvents. Therefore, the bark extracts of the chosen plants may function as a good source of components of useful drugs for cardiovascular disorders and may also be used for the preparation of other pharmaceutical products.
The content of cardiotonic arjunolic acid in Terminalia arjuna vary among the population. We studied the population structure and the association between the molecular markers and its active ingredient among 140 plants collected from various agroclimatic zones in India. Large variation was detected for the arjunolic acid in this study showing suitableness of the genotypes. The maximum arjunolic acid content was approximately 238 per cent higher than the lowest value for the genotypes and was found to be considerably correlated to bark thickness, bark fresh weight and bark dry weight. The population structure studies described the existence of nine subpopulations. As the distance increased between the associated markers, Linkage disequilibrium (LD) reduction and a considerable reduction in LD decay was ascertained. Eleven QTL regions associated with arjunolic acid were identified from a genome-wide marker-trait association study. Fine-scale resolution detected significant LD among 3.4 per cent RAPD paired loci and 8.7 per cent ISSR paired loci and 6.7 per cent RAPD paired loci and 13.3 per cent ISSR paired loci. Importantly LD decay found to start at a distance of >20bp from the loci on the genome of T. arjuna accessions. Finally, association mapping (AM) in arjun tightly linked to OPT09 which can be a possible substitute to QTL mapping methodology.
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