The increasing concentration of carbon emission (CE) in the atmosphere, which causes climate change (CC), has become a priority at the global level. The Chinese govt has enacted a series of CE reduction policies and regulations during the recent decades, which have effectively encouraged the country’s green and sustainable growth. For sustainable development and subsequent policy design, it is critical to investigate the features and evolution of CE reduction programs. First, we collected China’s national-level CE reduction policy texts from 2007 to 2021 as research objects. Second, using content analysis and NVivo software, a three-dimensional analytical framework of “Policy tools--Development stages--Policy implementation objects” is developed and investigated based on the theory of policy tools. Finally, the CE reduction policy language is coded line by line using empirical analysis, yielding 725 reference points. The results show that 1) The results show that: 1) in the evolution of CE reduction policy, environmental policy tools are the most used, accounting for 51.17%, and the use of supply-based and demand-based policy tools account for 32.28 and 16.55%, respectively; 2) demand-based policy tools need to be strengthened, and the structure of supply-based and environmental policy tools needs to be adjusted; 3) the govt’s coordination with research institutions and the public is not sufficient The implementation of policy instruments is insufficient; 4) China’s CE reduction policy is gradually developing from a macroscopic single subject policy to a diversified and specific policy with specialized content. Therefore, we recommend optimizing the policy structure in the light of social characteristics and strengthening the government’s guiding role in China’s CE reduction efforts. It is also recommended to increase financial instruments and enhance the binding force of laws and regulations.
In recent years, environmental pollution and resource waste have become the focus of heated discussion around the world. In order to realize green and sustainable development, the development of green supply chain (GSC) has attracted the attention of many scholars. The research object of this paper is the dual-channel green supply chain (DGSC) composed of online channels and offline channels. The supplier is the leader of the entire DGSC, and it needs to optimize the wholesale price of the product and the level of green investment to maximize its own benefit. In addition, the supplier also needs to establish contracts with network sales platform (NSP) and store sales platform (SSP) to increase the benefit of NSP and SSP, and ultimately increase the benefit level of the entire DGSC. Among them, we constructed a centralized decision (CD) model and a decentralized decision (DD) model, and obtained the optimal pricing, optimal greenness and optimal benefit of the supplier, NSP and SSP under the two models. We found that the benefits of SC members under the DD model are generally lower than those of the CC model. Therefore, we built contracts between the supplier, NSP and SSP to coordinate. Finally, we substituted specific parameters to verify the model. The following conclusions are drawn: (i) When consumers prefer online sales channels, it will positively affect the online sales price, online sales volume and greenness level of DGSC. At the same time, it negatively affects offline sales price and sales volume. (ii) The benefit of DGSC and the benefit of NSP, SSP, and the supplier show a phenomenon of decline first and then increase with respect to consumers’ preference for online sales channels. (iii) Under the coordination contract, the subsidy factor positively affects the benefits of the supplier and online and offline wholesale prices, and negatively affects the benefits of online platforms and physical stores.
Single-period newsboy models and the corresponding EOQ models are, respectively, constructed under the condition that the manufacturer inspects raw materials of his supplier with total or sample inspection strategies and the manufacturer repairs or cheaply disposes the defective quality products when single supplier and manufacturer are faced with the customer stochastic demand and quality defects of raw materials. It is also found that marginal effect will be enlarged when unqualified products are disposed at a reduced price. There is a smaller impact to EOQ when manufacturer cheaply disposes the unqualified products when he repairs the products. Under demand-obeying normal distribution, EOQ will be linearly decreasing when the number of unqualified products increases. But EOQ will be linearly increasing when the order is greater than the mean demand and EOQ will also be linearly increasing with the demand standard deviation increase. Finally, the propositions and inferences are confirmed which can exert an impact on EOQ by adopting Monte Carlo simulation software. This research can provide some theoretical basis for manufacturers to reduce internal and external loss costs.
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