ABSTRACT:Positional Accuracy Improvement (PAI) is the refining process of the geometry feature in a geospatial dataset to improve its actual position. This actual position relates to the absolute position in specific coordinate system and the relation to the neighborhood features. With the growth of spatial based technology especially Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the PAI campaign is inevitable especially to the legacy cadastral database. Integration of legacy dataset and higher accuracy dataset like GNSS observation is a potential solution for improving the legacy dataset. However, by merely integrating both datasets will lead to a distortion of the relative geometry. The improved dataset should be further treated to minimize inherent errors and fitting to the new accurate dataset. The main focus of this study is to describe a method of angular based Least Square Adjustment (LSA) for PAI process of legacy dataset. The existing high accuracy dataset known as National Digital Cadastral Database (NDCDB) is then used as bench mark to validate the results. It was found that the propose technique is highly possible for positional accuracy improvement of legacy spatial datasets.
Aims: To investigate the influence of carbon sources and additives/surfactants on the mycelium growth and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production, including the morphology during submerged cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus in the minimal-medium as the base medium. Methodology and results: Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated in different types of carbon sources to investigate the effects of carbon sources to mycelium growth and changes of mycelium morphology which directly affects the synthesis of EPS. In addition, additives or surfactants can increase the bioavailability of less soluble substrates in the cultured medium for the mycelium growth and indirectly affects the EPS production. In this study, the cultivation of P. ostreatus in the minimal-medium by using glucose as the carbon source with the addition of lecithin at 1% (w/v) gave the highest EPS production 4.53 ± 0.30 g/L, an increase of about 89.53% when compared to the cultivation without the addition of lecithin. Addition of lecithin changes morphology of the pellets outer layer and under microscope showing a dense hyphal network surrounding the pellets with the sizes of micro pellets almost 0.5-1.5 mm which contributed to the increase of EPS production after 14 days cultivation at 26 °C. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The choice of the carbon source should not only be for high productivity rate of mycelium growth and EPS production, but a cheaper alternative source should also be considered. In conclusion, high mycelium biomass and EPS production was achieved either by changes of the morphology through the type of carbon source and addition of additives such as lecithin.
This study reports on a novel technique to enhance the high cell mass and viable cell counts of the heterofermentative probiotic strain, Limosilactobacillus reuteri. This is the first report on the cultivation of L. reuteri, which was incorporated with weak base anion-exchange resins to remove the accumulating lactic acid in the fermentation broth. Two anion-exchange resins—Amberlite IRA 67 and IRA 96—were found to have a high adsorption capacity with lactic acid. Batch fermentation and fed-batch cultivation were further analyzed using IRA 67 resins, as this application resulted in a higher maximum number of viable cells. The in situ application of anion-exchange resins was found to create shear stress, and thus, it does not promote growth of L. reuteri; therefore, an external and integrated resin column system was proposed. The viable cell count from batch fermentation, when incorporated with the integrated resin column, was improved by 71 times (3.89 × 1011 ± 0.07 CFU mL−1) compared with control batch fermentation (5.35 × 109 ± 0.32 CFU mL−1), without the addition of resins. The growth improvement was achieved due to the high adsorption rate of lactic acid, which was recorded by the integrated IRA 67 resin system, and coupled with the stirred tank bioreactor batch fermentation process.
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