Background: Lesion studies have shown distinct roles for the hippocampus, with the dorsal subregion being involved in processing of spatial information and memory, and the ventral aspect coding for emotion and motivational behaviour. However, its structural connectivity with the subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the executive area of the brain that also has various distinct functions, has not been fully explored, especially in the Malaysian population. Methods: We performed diffusion magnetic resonance imaging with probabilistic tractography on four Malay males to parcellate the hippocampus according to its relative connection probability to the six subdivisions of the PFC. Results: Our findings revealed that each hippocampus showed putative connectivity to all the subdivisions of PFC, with the highest connectivity to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Parcellation of the hippocampus according to its connection probability to the six PFC subdivisions showed variability in the pattern of the connection distribution and no clear distinction between the hippocampal subregions. Conclusion: Hippocampus displayed highest connectivity to the OFC as compared to other PFC subdivisions. We did not find a unifying pattern of distribution based on the connectivity- based parcellation of the hippocampus.
Pain is modulated by various factors, the most notable of which is emotions. Since love is an emotion, it can also modulate pain. The answer to the question of whether it enhances or reduces pain needs to be determined. A review was conducted of animal and human studies in which this enigmatic emotion and its interaction with pain was explored. Recent advances in neuroimaging have revealed similarities in brain activation relating to love and pain. At the simplest level, this interaction can be explained by the overlapping network structure in brain functional connectivity, although the explanation is considerably more complex. The effect of love can either result in increased or decreased pain perception. An explanation of the interaction between pain and love relates to the functional connectivity of the brain and to the psychological construct of the individual, as well as to his or her ability to engage resources relating to emotion regulation. In turn, this determines how a person relates to love and reacts to pain.
BackgroundImpairment in cognitive function is a recognized outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the degree of impairment has variable relationship with TBI severity and time post injury. The underlying pathology is often due to diffuse axonal injury that has been found even in mild TBI. In this study, we examine the state of white matter putative connectivity in patients with non-severe TBI in the subacute phase, i.e., within 10 weeks of injury and determine its relationship with neuropsychological scores.MethodsWe conducted a case-control prospective study involving 11 male adult patients with non-severe TBI and an age-matched control group of 11 adult male volunteers. Diffusion MRI scanning and neuropsychological tests were administered within 10 weeks post injury. The difference in fractional anisotropy (FA) values between the patient and control groups was examined using tract-based spatial statistics. The FA values that were significantly different between patients and controls were then correlated with neuropsychological tests in the patient group.ResultsSeveral clusters with peak voxels of significant FA reductions (p < 0.05) in the white matter skeleton were seen in patients compared to the control group. These clusters were located in the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, and cingulum, as well as white matter fibers in the area of genu of corpus callosum, anterior corona radiata, superior corona radiata, anterior thalamic radiation and part of inferior frontal gyrus. Mean global FA magnitude correlated significantly with MAVLT immediate recall scores while matrix reasoning scores correlated positively with FA values in the area of right superior fronto-occipital fasciculus and left anterior corona radiata.ConclusionThe non-severe TBI patients had abnormally reduced FA values in multiple regions compared to controls that correlated with several measures of executive function during the sub-acute phase of TBI.
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The poly (vinylpyrrolidone)-iron magnetic nanocomposite (PVP-Fe NCs) recently used for oil recovery since it capable to remove up to 80% of oil. However, the magnetic properties PVP-Fe NCs might not be consistently performed as it has a tendency to having low magnetism depending on their temperature. This study aims to investigate the effect of temperature of PVP-Fe NCs, to see the effectiveness of oil recovery from aqueous environment by using magnetic decantation method. The PVP-iron magnetic was synthesized by three steps using poly (vinylpyrrolidone), FeCl2•4H2O, FeCl3•6H2O and ammonia solution involving mixing and heating, precipitating and separating. The oil removal was tested by mixing the PVP-Fe NCs into an oil-water mixture to let it coat by oil. The oil-water separation was conducted by using a neodymium magnet. The experiments were repeated using the same PVP-materials with different temperatures such as room temperature, 50°C, 80°C and 90°C. The presence of OH-1 group and the magnetic property of each samples was characterized by using FTIR and VSM. The study reveals that the PVP-Fe NCs have highest magnetism at 80°C compared to other temperatures. 80°C seem to be the optimum temperature to perform the good magnetism of PVP-Fe NCs since it reduces its magnetism at 90°C due to its thicker coat. The also showed that PVP-Fe3 are hydrophilic that can assist in oil separation from water. This study demonstrated a significant finding in oil recovery application using PVP-iron magnetic nanocomposites materials.
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