Several studies have identified threats that originate in areas surrounding protected areas (PAs). While there have been various efforts to integrate PAs with their surroundings, considerable challenges remain. Here we summarize these efforts to date, discuss their effectiveness, and provide recommendations for future research. Based on a broad literature review of theoretical and applied approaches, we have outlined 68 models for balancing conservation and sustainable development in PAs. We comprehensively analyzed 23 of these models for integrating PAs with their surroundings. They were divided into two categories: area-oriented and process-oriented approaches. This review reveals the absolute necessity of combining these two approaches for future conservation and sustainable development of PAs.

Rapid land use change in the surroundings of protected areas is rampant worldwide. This process is poorly understood and raises questions on how it happens, who shapes it, and the role of administration. To address these questions, we applied a case study in Jinfo National Scenic Area, China, and examined the relationships between land use change, concerned stakeholders, and the administration. Our study revealed that tourism-oriented commercial development and residential relocate were the main reasons for land use change and that the scenic area authorities, tourism enterprises, and locals were pivotal stakeholders in this process. In addition, we identified three authority types since the founding of Jinfo National Scenic Area. Evidence indicates that the conservation-oriented type and development-oriented type were less successful than the integration type in coordinating stakeholders and integrating the scenic area and its surroundings, and the development-oriented type has historically been most closely associated with damaging land use change. Further, we explored the causes for issues during the management of the Jinfo National Scenic Area included frequent administration changes, confusing plans and management goals, absence of a method for involving stakeholders, a lack of clear administrative authority, and a lack of an integrated national legal system. Our study highlights that it is critical to address these problems while aiming for a long-term balance of conservation and sustainable development in scenic areas and their surroundings.

A qualitative research case study was conducted over two summers with caretakers and children. The aim was studying how ethnobotanical content-based environmental education (EE) in English classes can impact psychological ownership (PO) of plants. The objectives were to study reactions to classroom scenarios. Subjects were selected through purposive sampling, and data through notes, observation, and recording. The second summer, a questionnaire was integrated into the lesson. Results showed that caretakers hinder children’s enthusiasm about disliked plants. However, they also change their perspectives with EE. Impact on PO increased from traditional teacher-centered lessons, more with crafts, and the most with ingestion. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v3i8.1415

The theory of psychological ownership (PO) of ethnobotanical (ETB) plants in sustainable tourism for social-ecological revitalization was studied in Irouzaki, Japan with two objectives: to study PO of residents regarding local ETB plants; and to study the current state of and locals' ideas for ETBs in the theory. Review, workshops, interviews and action research were done. Results showed limited PO of tropical and native ETBs due to modern life and local depression. Although the connection to landscape is currently low, the locals want to use ETBs for deeper connection with the landscape and culture, and to create a brand identity.