<p>A strong earthquake, <em>M<sub>L</sub></em> = 6.0 (<em>M<sub>W</sub></em> = 5.7), occurred on 22 April 2022 at 21:07 UTC with an epicentre near Berkovi&#263;i in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with focal depth of about 20 km. The earthquake was felt throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia (especially Dalmatia), but also in Slovenia, Italy (especially the western coast of the Adriatic), Serbia, Albania and North Macedonia. The maximum intensity of the earthquake was rated as VII&#8211;VIII EMS in Berkovi&#263;i and Ljubinje. A young woman in Stolac lost her life from a rock slide caused by the earthquake. In the wider epicentral area the earthquake caused a number of large or small rock falls, many chimneys were damaged, tiles fell from the roofs, plaster fell off, and there were also large cracks in the walls.</p> <p>By 31 October 2022, the DuFAULT project researchers located 6220 aftershocks (39 with <em>M<sub>L</sub> </em>&#8805; 3.0), with as many as 900 located in the first 12 h of the series. The strongest aftershock, <em>M<sub>L</sub></em> = 4.9, occurred on 24 April 2022 at 4:27 UTC with focus at a depth of about 25 km and the epicentre also close to Berkovi&#263;i. The vast majority of earthquakes have their foci relatively deep for this area, at depths between 15 and 28 km. Most of the epicentres form a compact group slightly elongated parallel to the NW-SE Dinaric strike, however two smaller groups northwest and southeast of the main group stand out with extension perpendicular to the Dinaric strike with somewhat shallower foci. The analysis of the focal mechanism and the hypocentral spatial distribution suggest that the mainshock resulted from the NE-SW directed compression and occurred on a reverse fault, on a moderately NE-dipping plane. Interestingly though, this series is also characterized by earthquakes released by a tension along the NE-SW striking and approximately 45&#176; dipping normal faults, documented in the smaller north-western group.</p> <p>We will present spatio-temporal analysis of seismicity, resulting focal plane solutions and seismotectonic interpretation.</p>
Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the center of the Western Balkans, occupying an area of 51,197 km². This area represents one of the active seismic zones in this region which is a part of the Trans-Mediterranean-Asian Seismic belt. Looking at the Euro Mediterranean Seismic Hazard Map, Bosnia and Herzegovina falls in the Moderate Seismic Hazard having the PGA in the range of 0.08 to 0.24g, while a south-west part of the country experiences a High Hazard (PGA>0.24g). Data about the seismicity of this region go back for even 2000 years. Bosnia and Herzegovina to the present day has not been hit by a large-scale earthquake, the earthquake which had the largest impact and caused numerous casualties was the 1969 Banja Luka earthquake of a magnitude 6.6 on the Richter scale, while levels of VII to IX were identified concerning its intensity. Due to a large number of existing masonry structures, the effect of a larger earthquake would most probably result in many casualties and a high level of damage. Until 2018 the seismic map that was used in the building codes corresponded to the MCS Intensity Scale and the return period of 500 years. To be able to utilize Eurocode 8 it was necessary to produce the national annex to Eurocode 8 and in that respect, it was required to analyze the seismic data which refers to different parameters that have to be determined. Several elements had to be defined from soil type characteristics, horizontal elastic response spectra, the peak ground acceleration, and the seismic hazard map. The paper will briefly discuss the different parameters as well as the production of the first seismic hazard map which became a part of the national annex to Eurocode 8 and was published in 2018.
<p>A devastating earthquake (Mw 6.2) occurred on December 29, 2020,&#160; near the town of Petrinja, in Croatia, a few kilometers north of the Bosnian border with Croatia. The earthquake affected Bosnia and Herzegovina as well, and many buildings in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina were severely damaged. The main earthquake impact was preceded by two strong for-shocks, which shows a great resemblance to the Banja Luka earthquake of 1969. Seismic activity at the end of December 2020 and January 2021 was manifested through the occurrence of a large number of seismic events, namely: one earthquake of magnitude 6.2, two earthquakes of magnitude between 5.0 and 6.0, twenty-two earthquakes of magnitude between 4.0 and 5.0, sixty-six earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 and 4.0 and two hundred and seventy-seven earthquakes of magnitude between 2.0 and 3.0. This earthquake is a consequence of the movement of the Adriatic microplate and its interaction with the Eurasian tectonic plate. Its movement results in the creation of current seismicity in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia.</p><p>Today, analysis of the deformations of the Earth's crust plays an important role in research related to the entire seismic cycle. The phases of seismic cycles can be reliably estimated using time series of daily coordinates from continuously operating stations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).</p><p>In this study, we used five time-series GNSS positions (Sarajevo, Pore&#269;, Ljubljana, Po&#382;ega, and Zadar), daily resolutions (24 hours) in the IGS14 reference frame, taken from Nevada Geodetic Laboratory through the website. We determined the coseismic displacement field of the Mw 6.2 Petrinja mainshock using downloaded the GNSS time-series as well as coseismic displacement field for all earthquakes of magnitude over 4. We processed data for the GNSS time series for the period from January 2016 to December 2020. GNSS stations are located at distances ~100 km to the ~250 km distances the epicenter of the Petrinja earthquake, of which the Pore&#269; station is the closest. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) text format was used for processing all earthquakes in our study. JSON offset file is created based on the data downloaded from USGS (U.S. Geological Survey).</p><p>This paper, apply interactive processing in tectonics and seismology, presented offset in time series as a consequence of earthquakes. We have concluded that the cumulative movement of the Earth's crust is not only a consequence of large earthquakes but also the cause of many smaller accumulated movements caused by smaller earthquakes. The paper presents the contribution in the field of application of satellite positioning methods in geodynamic research and defines an approach that enables objective quantification of deformations of the Earth's crust in cases of seismic events. The earthquake occurred in a fault that extends approximately in the northwest-southeast direction and passes through Pokuplje near Petrinja and Glina. This fault is the boundary between two very different tectonic blocks, the Dinarides and the Pannonian Basin. Therefore, it can be said that the different stresses and displacements in these blocks are compensated through these blocks.</p>
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