This study investigated the relationship between serum xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity and the occurrence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Serum XOD activity, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), uric acid (UA), albumin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), advanced glycation end products (AGE), total free thiols, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and body mass index (BMI) were measured in 80 T2DM patients (29 with and 51 without DPN), and 30 nondiabetic control subjects. Duration of diabetes, hypertension, medication, and microalbuminuria was recorded. Serum XOD activities in controls, non-DPN, and DPN were 5.7 ± 2.4 U/L, 20.3 ± 8.6 U/L, and 27.5 ± 10.6 U/L (p < 0.01), respectively. XOD activity was directly correlated to IMA, UA, BMI, HbA1c, and AGE, while inversely correlated to serum total free thiols. A multivariable logistic regression model, which included duration of diabetes, hypertension, AIP, HbA1c, UA, and XOD activity, revealed HbA1c [OR = 1.03 (1.00–1.05); p = 0.034] and XOD activity [OR = 1.07 (1.00–1.14); p = 0.036] as independent predictors of DPN. Serum XOD activity was well correlated to several other risk factors. These results indicate the role of XOD in the development of DPN among T2DM patients.
There is a lot of evidence that suicide is preventable. It is known that only 28 coun tries in the world have national suicide prevention strategies and Serbia is not one of them.
Introduction. Psychiatric disorders represent an important risk factor for death by suicide. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of psychiatric disorders among the persons who committed suicide in the territory of the City of Nis in the period 2001 - 2010. Additionally, this study aimed to compare the socio-demographic characteristics between persons with and without psychiatric disorders. Material and methods. This retrospective study included 524 persons who committed suicide (330 with and 194 without psychiatric disorders) in the period 2001 - 2010. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, previous suicide attempts, and methods of suicide were obtained from medical and police records (Police Directorate for the City of Nis, and Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia). Results. We studied the incidence of suicides among the persons with psychiatric disorders compared to persons without any medical condition in the studied period. Depression (104, 31.5%) and personality disorders (103, 31.2%) were the most common psychiatric disorders among the persons who committed suicide, whereas only 21 persons (6.36%) had schizophrenia. Persons with psychiatric disorders had a higher level of education, more of them were divorced, had a private source of income and more frequently attempted suicide compared to persons without any diseases (p<0.001). The most common methods of suicide were hanging and poisoning in both investigated groups. Conclusion. Depression was the most common disorder registered among the persons with psychiatric disorders who committed suicide. It is necessary to develop a national strategy for suicide prevention for groups at high risk of suicide.
Uvod: Investigations shows that on every realized suicide comes 8 to 25 non realized attempts. Individuals which tried suicide with medicine poisoning mostly quote that they have been overwhelmed with feelings and thoughts which was unbearable in that moment. They wished to escape from that unbearable situation or they lost self control. Between individuals whom tried suicide with medicine poisoning, desire to really die, to disappear was very rare. Mostly it was wish "just to sleep a little, to take a rest, make pause". Aim of work: to identified most frequently method for suicidal attempt in both sex and resources which was used in these purposes. Results: most frequently method for suicidal attempt for both sex in our investigation was medicine poisoning -91,1%, veins cutting -5,4% and jump from height -3,6%. Mostly used medicines were anxiolytics -55,4%, combination of different drugs -25,0%, antidepressants -8,9%, neuroleptics -7,1%, drugs and alcohol -3,6%. Most frequent method for suicidal attempt in both sex was medicine poisoning. From drugs most frequently used drugs were anxiolytics and in minimum percent combination of drugs and alcohol. After suicidal attempt 90% of individuals experienced relief because their suicidal attempt was unsuccessful. In 3% individuals there was new suicidal attempt on same way, medicine poisoning. SAŽETAKIntroduction:Istraživanja pokazuju da svako realizovano samoubistvo prati od 8 do 25 neuspelih pokušaja. Osobe koje su pokušale samoubistvo samotrovanjem najčešće navode da su bile preplavljene osećanjima i mislima koje su im bile nepodnošljive. Želele su da pobegnu iz, za njih u tom trenutku, nepodnošljive situacije, ili su izgubili kontrolu nad sobom. Kod osoba koje su pokušale samoubistvo, trovanje lekovima, želja da zaista umru, da nestanu, javlja se retko. Češće je prisutna potreba da "samo" odspavaju, odmore se, naprave pauzu. Cilj rada: identifikovati najčešći način pokušaja samoubistva kod oba pola ispitanika i sredstva koja su upotrebljena u cilju izvršenja samoubistva. U našem istraživanju najčešći način pokušaja samoubistva kod oba pola je trovanje lekovima -91,1%, sečenje vena -5,4%, skok sa visine -3,6% ispitanika. Najčešće korišćeni lekovi su anksiolitici -55,4%, kombinacije različitih lekova -25,0%, antidepresivi -8,9% , neuroleptici -7,1%, lekovi i alkohol -3,6%. Zaključak: najzastupljeniji način pokušaja samoubistva kod oba pola ispitanika je trovanje lekovima. Od lekova u najvećem procentu korišćeni su anksiolitici a u najmanjem procentu kombinacija alkohola i lekova. Nakon pokušaja samoubistva 90% ispitanika su osećali olakšanje što im pokušaj samoubistva nije uspeo.Kod 86% ispitanika na izbor sredstva u cilju samoubistva uticala je laka dostupnost lekova. Kod 3% ispitanika je bio ponovljeni pokušaj samoubistva i to na isti način, trovanje lekovima.
Leukoarajoza je promena bele mase mozga koja ima karakterističan prikaz na CT ili MR mozga. Osnovni faktori rizika za pojavu leukoarajoze su starenje i arterijska hipertenzija. Četvrtina simptomatskih ishemijskih infarkta pripada grupi bolesti malih krvnih sudova koje mogu da se prikažu kao lakunarni infarkti. Ovo su dva suštinska patofiziološka mehanizma koja stoje u osnovi kognitivnog poremećaja vezanog za bolesti malih krvnih sudova mozga. Ispitano je 60 pacijenata sa lakunarnim infarktom mozga i utvrdjeni parametri u grupi sa i bez prisustva leukoarajoze. Utvrdili smo da je leukoarajoza bila najprisutnija u grupi žena preko 70 godina starosti Neurološki nalaz skorovan je prema NIH-NINDS skali (Skala moždanog udara Nacionalnog instituta za zdravlje), funkcionalni status Barthelovim indexom, a kognitivni status određen na osnovu upotrebe Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) i Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale Late (ADAS-L). Korelaciona analiza ovih parametara na nivou signifikantnosti *p<0.05, **p<0.01 govori u prilog lošijem neurološkom status i lošijem kognitivnom postignuću.
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