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BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus is responsible for large numbers of hospital-related and community-acquired infections. In this study, we investigated the presence of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in 100 samples from animals (55 cattle, 36 dogs, and 9 cats) and 150 samples from hospitalized human patients. The samples were collected from healthy and diseased animals and from diseased humans and included milk, wound swab, pus, exudates, nasal swab and diabetic ulcer. Initially, S. aureus was isolated and identified by colony morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical tests (catalase and coagulase tests). The S. aureus-positive samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine their MRSA status.ResultsOf the 100 animal samples, 29 were positive for S. aureus. Four samples (13.8%) from dogs were MRSA-positive, but samples from cattle and cats were MRSA-negative. Of the 150 human samples we collected, 64 were S. aureus-positive and, of these, 34 (53.1%) were MRSA-positive. Most (28%) of the MRSA samples were isolated from surgical wound swabs, followed by the pus from skin infections (11%), exudates from diabetic ulcers (6%), exudates from burns (4%), and aural swabs (3%). By contrast, a low MRSA detection rate (n = 4) was seen in the non-human isolates, where all MRSA bacteria were isolated from nasal swabs from dogs. The antimicrobials susceptibility testing results showed that S. aureus isolates with mecA genes showed resistance to penicillin (100%), oxacillin (100%), erythromycin (73.5%), ciprofloxacin (70.6%), and gentamicin (67.7%). The lowest resistance was found against ceftazidime, and no vancomycin-resistant isolates were obtained.ConclusionsWe detected S. aureus and MRSA in both human and canine specimens. Isolates were found to be resistant to some of the antimicrobials available locally. MRSA carriage in humans and animals appears to be a great threat to effective antimicrobials treatment. The prudent use of antimicrobials will reduce the antimicrobial resistance. Our findings will help to find the most appropriate treatment and to reduce antimicrobial resistance in the future by implementing prudent use of antimicrobials. Further studies are required to better understand the epidemiology of MRSA human–animal inter-species transmission in Bangladesh.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1611-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Bacillus cereus is a Gram‐positive, facultative anaerobic bacteria with few strains reported to be used as probiotics for animals and birds in recent times if the doses are formulated properly. Objectives To analyse the synergistic anti‐allergic potentiality of different Bacillus cereus strains on experimental in ovo and in vitro duck model, as probiotic immune stimulant. Materials and methods Different strains of Bacillus cereus from 29 isolates were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the milk samples of buffalo breeds of South Asia. The probiotic properties were tested in aspects of gram staining, catalase test, coagulase, test, bile salt tolerance, pH tolerance and phenol tolerance test. MIC50 and MIC90 levels were profiled using nine different antibiotics, and antimicrobial activity against eight different enteric pathogens was assessed. Finally, the test strains of Bacillus cereus (Colony Forming Unit [CFU] 30X1011) were combined‐infused at different concentrations in embryonated duck eggs to assess the post‐hatch anti‐allergic effects against histamine‐induced allergic reaction and their immunoglobulin E (IgE) level was tested. Results Molecular identification confirmed the test strains as B. cereus HKS 1–1, B. cereus LOCK 1,002 and B. cereus BF2, which were all motile, spore‐forming, catalase‐positive and rod‐shaped. All were 0.3% bile salt, 0.4% phenol and pH tolerant. Two‐way ANOVA test P values revealed that B. cereus BF2 was statistically significant (p < .0014) in bile salt tolerance test. B. cereus HKS 1–1 was significant in phenol and pH tolerance at p < .0002 and p < .0489, respectively. Besides, the test strains showed antibiotic sensitivity and antimicrobial activity to different enteric pathogens. In vivo model referred the test strains as effective in partial allergy reduction at same CFU but at different concentrations with p < .0001 among the groups. Conclusion The isolated and characterized strains of B. cereus showed partial immune‐stimulating potentiality against experimentally induced allergic reaction.

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