Despite the recent progresses, there are still limitations and unmeet needs with all the available drugs, mainly concerning treatment adherence, efficacy on the prevention of nonvertebral fractures and the long-term adverse events of antiresorptive regimens. Moreover, PTH analogs are the only available compounds able to stimulate bone formation, but with a restricted anabolic window of no more than 2 years. Of interest, the more recent advances in bone biology identified new targets for the development of drugs with a more potent and selective activity on either osteoclasts or osteoblasts, thus making possible to uncouple bone formation from bone resorption.
MicroRNAs are small, noncoding single-stranded RNAs that have emerged as important posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression, with an essential role in vertebrate development and different biological processes. This review highlights the recent advances in the function of miRNAs and their roles in bone remodeling and bone diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small (∼22 nt), noncoding single-stranded RNAs that have emerged as important post transcriptional regulators of gene expression. They are essential for vertebrate development and play critical roles in different biological processes related to cell differentiation, activity, metabolism, and apoptosis. A rising number of experimental reports now indicate that miRNAs contribute to every step of osteogenesis and bone homeostasis, from embryonic skeletal development to\ud maintenance of adult bone tissue, by regulating the growth, differentiation, and activity of different cell systems inside and outside the skeleton. Importantly, emerging information from animal studies suggests that targeting miRNAs might become an attractive and new therapeutic approach for osteoporosis or other skeletal diseases, even though there are still major concerns related to potential off target effects and the need of efficient delivery methods in vivo. Moreover, besides their recognized effects at the cellular level, evidence is\ud also gathering that miRNAs are excreted and can circulate in the blood or other body fluids with potential paracrine or endocrine functions. Thus, they could represent suitable candidates for becoming sensitive disease biomarkers in different pathologic conditions, including skeletal disorders. Despite these\ud promising perspectives more work remains to be done until miRNAs can serve as robust therapeutic targets or established diagnostic tools for precision medicine in skeletal disorders
We show that solid and liquid media, supplemented only with cyclodextrins and free of blood and its derivatives, support the growth of Helicobacter pyloyi. These media can be used for primary isolation of the bacteria from biopsy samples, routine laboratory growth, and large-scale industrial fermentation.
Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder affecting up to 40% of postmenopausal women, characterized by a reduction in bone mass and strength leading to bone fragility and fractures. Despite the available tools for diagnosis and stratification of a fracture risk, bone loss occurs insidiously and osteoporosis is often diagnosed after the first fracture has occurred, with important health-related outcomes. Therefore, the need of markers that could efficiently diagnose bone fragility and osteoporosis is still necessary. Over the past few years, novel studies have focused on miRNAs, small noncoding RNAs that are differentially expressed in many pathological conditions, making them attractive biomarkers. To date, the role of miRNAs in bone disorders remains in great part unclear. In particular, limited and partly conflicting information is available concerning their use as potential biomarkers for osteoporosis, due to differences in patient selection, type of samples, and analytical methods. Despite these limits, concordant information about some specific miRNAs is now arising, making likely their use as additional tools to stratify the risk of osteoporosis and possibly fractures. In this review, we summarize the most relevant studies concerning circulating miRNAs differentially expressed in osteoporotic patients along with their function in bone cells and bone turnover.
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