Sense of belonging to the general and broader gay communities has been shown to be beneficial for gay men's mental health. This research investigated the interrelations between sense of belonging to three forms of gay community (the broader gay community, gay groups, and gay friends), sense of belonging to the general community, and depressive symptoms by examining a path model. A community sample of 177 gay men, aged 18 to 79 years, completed the Sense of Belonging Instrument-Psychological subscale, the Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and the Sense of Belonging within Gay Communities Scale. The model provided excellent fit to the data in which sense of belonging to the general community mediated the relationships between a sense of belonging to gay groups and with gay friends and depressive symptoms. Results imply that enhancing gay men's sense of belonging to gay groups and with gay friends is likely to be associated with fewer depressive symptoms, by virtue of their enhanced sense of belonging to the general community.
Portoroz, Slovenia, 17–19 April 2002This third workshop was jointly sponsored by the IAEA and OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. It was organised by the European Commission Directorate-General for the Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection and the ISOE European Regional Technical Centre. The workshop provided a forum for Health Physics practitioners and operators to exchange information and experience on occupational exposure issues at Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). There were approximately 130 participants of whom 63% were from utilities, 11% from contractors and 26% from regulatory bodies.The first morning heard an introductory speech by Abel Gonzales (IAEA Director of the Division of Radiation and Waste Safety) who presented an entertaining review of the risk of low doses. He drew on the recent UNSCEAR reports relating to public health effects of low doses and concluded by observing that under the Napoleonic code it was virtually impossible to demonstrate that cancers were not caused by radiological doses. Sandor Deme (KFKI Atomic Research Institute, Budapest) outlined the radiation environment in low Earth orbits. In such environments >85% of dose originates from protons that become trapped in the magnetic belts surrounding the Earth. Therefore orbital conditions (height, duration) were critical in minimising dose to astronauts. Average dose to Space Shuttle astronauts ranged from 0.2 to 32 mGy (flight time dependent) with the highest dose rate of 3.2 mGy/d being 6 times that for MIR cosmonauts. Stefan Mundigl (NEA) concluded this introductory session by presenting the ISOE 10th Anniversary report.Session 1: Implementation and practical consequences of the Basic Safety Standards (BSS)There were 9 presentations in this session, chaired by Rodriguez Marti (CSN, Spain) and Jochen Naegele (EC, DG4), with a diversity of arrangements reflecting how the BSS or parts of them have been introduced. Much of the work presented had been covered before and the participants recognised the efforts and improvements made in some eastern European countries where extendibility of EU membership is an important driver. Differences in the culture of countries were also evident between goal setting and prescriptive regulations.The session started with `international civil servant' K Schnuer (EC) who discussed enlargement of the EU where the process is split into the scope of Screening, Negotiation and finally a Common Position. Those countries with NPPs likely to gain membership in the near future are Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Slovak Republic and Slovenia. M Gustafsson (IAEA) covered the work by the IAEA to support some developing member states to implement the BSS. Many countries had no infrastructure for RP implementation and she commented on the milestones achieved in helping to complete identified gaps and provide standards. The IAEA give support by close monitoring and peer reviews for some 81 countries worldwide with 31 peer reviews performed in 1999–2001. Christian L...
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