La pandemia de influenza de 1918 fue una de las más devastadoras catástrofes en la historia de la humanidad. Algunas de sus características únicas han hecho de ella una referencia prácticamente obligada al momento de abordar cualquier estudio y análisis de otras epidemias y pandemias, anteriores o posteriores. Cual fantasma de las navidades pasadas, la irrupción de la pandemia de covid-19, a principios de 2020, provocó la reaparición de situaciones, actitudes y consecuencias que se consideraban propias de otras épocas. La nueva realidad impuesta por la enfermedad nos ha puesto, a sociedades y personas, frente a un espejo cuyo reflejo contiene ecos de antaño y del que, por lo general, no salimos especialmente favorecidos. En este trabajo proponemos una breve reflexión sobre algunos de los muchos aspectos presentes en la calidoscópica línea que une, tanto a escala individual como a escala colectiva, la pandemia de 1918 con la de 2020.Palabras clave: Covid-19, Influenza, Pandemia, Epidemia, Sistema de saludThe covid-19 pandemic in perspective since 1918: a general reflectionSummaryThe 1918 influenza pandemic was one of the most devastating catastrophes in human history. Some of its unique characteristics have made it a practically obligatory reference when addressing any study and analysis of other epidemics and pandemics, before or after. Like a ghost of last Christmas, the irruption of the covid-19 pandemic, in early 2020, caused the reappearance of situations, attitudes and consequences that were considered typical of other times. The new reality imposed by the disease has placed us, societies and individuals, in front of a mirror whose reflection contains echoes of yesteryear and from which, in general, we are not particularly favored. This paper proposes a brief reflection on some of the many aspects present in the kaleidoscopic line that links, both on an individual and collective scale, the pandemic of 1918 with that of 2020.Keywords: Covid-19, Influenza, Pandemic, Epidemic, Health system La pandémie par covid-19 en perspective depuis 1918 : une réflexion généraleRésuméLa pandémie de grippe de 1918 a été une des plus dévastatrice catastrophes dans l’histoire de l’humanité. Certaines de ses caractéristiques uniques ont fait d’elle une référence littéralement obligée au moment d’aborder n’importe quelle étude et analyse d’autres épidémies et des pandémies antérieures ou postérieures. Tel que fantôme de noël, l’irruption de la pandémie de covid -19 au début de l’année 2020, a provoqué la réapparition de situations, attitudes et conséquences qui étaient considérées propres d’autres époques. La nouvelle réalité imposée par la maladie nous a mis à des sociétés et des personnes devant un miroir dont le reflet contient des échos d’autrefois qui ne nous favorisent pas du tout. Dans ce travail nous proposons une brève réflexion sur certains aspects parmi beaucoup d’autres présents dans la caléidoscopique ligne qui unifie la pandémie de 1918 et celle de 2020 tant à l’échelle individuelle que la collective.Mots clés : Covid-19, Grippe, Pandémie, Épidémie, Système de santé
This article is devoted to a detailed analysis of death causes in Mexico during the Revolution and Civil War period. Our study is based on the death registration records in six government-controlled municipalities in Veracruz State which promoted registration accuracy. A total of 2 876 records from 1918 were analyzed, most of which contained information about the causes of death. The main objectives of the study were to determine the main causes of death, to identify territorial, age and gender differences, to establish the time and extent of the spread of the Spanish flu epidemic and the overall mortality rate in 1918. The 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), developed by the World Health Organization, was used as a basis for coding the causes of death. Thus, the causes of diseases that led to the death of the inhabitants of Veracruz were divided into eight main classes: infectious; respiratory; related to pregnancy or childbirth; those caused by difficulties in the perinatal period of fetal development; external violent reasons; unclassifiable, those associated with infancy and childhood; the unclassifiable; and finally, the missing. The analysis revealed registration problems, especially in the agrarian regions, caused by the poor development of medical infrastructure and aggravated by wartime conditions. Based on the analysis of individual level data on the causes of death, the authors identified the 161 diagnostic options found in the sources, identified the main ten death causes for each of the six cities of Veracruz, determined the level and accuracy of registration and the age characteristics of the spread of certain classes of fatal diseases. The most common cause of death was infectious diseases, particularly children from one to five years old suffered from these. The rate of respiratory diseases was also high, the proportion of deaths from these rose sharply in the last quarter of 1918, which was caused by the spread of the Spanish flu. The analysis of the nominative data made it possible to refute the official statement of the Mexican government about the cessation of influenza at the end of 1918. The high mortality rate from various respiratory diseases in December 1918 among young men suggests that the flu pandemic was hidden behind various other concepts.
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