Amblyopia is that condition in which there is deficiency of form or spatial vision sense resulting in the reduction of visual acuity of greater than two lines between the eyes or an absolute reduction in acuity below 6/9 either eye in Snellen's Vision Chart which cannot be corrected by refraction and cannot be attributed directly to the effect of any structural abnormality of the eye or the posterior visual pathway defects The aim of our study is to study the prevalence of amblyopia and different types of amblyopia in children between 6 -14 years of age This prospective cross sectional study done in tertiary care centre over period of 2years. 2700 children were screened in this study out of which 54 children were found to be amblyopic. Children aged between 6 years and 14 years of age, with no previous history of strabismus surgery, with corrected or uncorrected refractive errors were included in study. RESULTS: Amblyopia was more common in male (63.79%) than female children. It was lower in urban children (32.76%) than in rural children (67.21%). This is because of the lack of awareness among the rural population to have regular eye check-ups. Monocular amblyopic 40(68.96%) cases were common than binocular 18(21.04%) cases. The most common cause of ambylopia in our study were anisometropic (36.20%), strabismic (25.86%), ametropic (12.06%), merdionic and visual deprivation (6.89%). Hypermetropia 18(46.15%) was more common refractive error associated with amblyopia compared to myopia 10(25.64) and astigmatism 11(18.20%). In strabismic amblyopia (25.86%), exotropia 8 patients (53.33%) are more frequent than esotropia 6 patients (40%) and hypertropia 1patient (6.66) CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and treatment of ametropias can minimize permanent loss of vision by amblyopia. Those at greater risks are children of preschool and school going ages.

Background Molnupiravir is an oral antiviral drug that received Emergency Use Authorization in three countries for the treatment of mild COVID-19. The aim of this systematic review was to find out the safety and efficacy of Molnupiravir in SARS-COV-2 infections. Methods The electronic databases such as PubMed, MedRxiv, BioRxiv, FDA, ClinicalTrials.Gov, ctri.nic.in and Google Scholar were searched for articles from January 2021 to March 2022 using the keywords such as "Molnupiravir", "COVID-19", "Oral antiviral pill", "MK-4482", "EIDD-280", "Efficacy" and "Safety". Details of published, unpublished with interim reports and ongoing studies of Molnupiravir in COVID-19 were retrieved, and a systematic review was performed. Results A total of 6 articles and 18 ongoing trials data were collected. Out of these, data from 4 published and 2 unpublished with interim reports were extracted. After review of these studies, it was observed that the daily dose of 1600 mg Molnupiravir for 5 days was safe and tolerable with nausea, diarrhea and headache as the common adverse effects. The results also showed significant decrease in time to viral clearance with 800 mg twice daily in mild patients and reduction in the risk of hospitalization or death by 50% in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Conclusion Evidence from clinical studies showed that Molnupiravir caused significant reduction in the risk of hospitalization or death in high-risk mild COVID-19 patients. Molnupiravir was also found to be well tolerated and safe without any major adverse events on short-term use. For confirmative use of this drug in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease, further studies are required in vaccinated COVID-19 patients and against emerging variants.

Objective: To estimate a) monthly expenditure for treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN) and both (DM+HTN) and b) economic burden (EB) and psychological burden (PB) of therapy of DM, HTN and DM+HTN.Methods: An observational questionnaire-based study was conducted among 180 patients. The monthly cost of drug therapy was assessed based on the drugs they were taking and the cost of individual drugs. The EB and PB were assessed using a validated questionnaire and data analysed by ANOVA followed by post hoc test.Results: Among 216 patients who were interviewed, 180 fulfilled the selection criteria. Among 180, 75 had DM, 40 HTN and 65 had both. Prevalence of DM and DM+HTN was higher among females and of HTN equal among males and females. The average total monthly cost of therapy for DM was INR 2077, for HTN INR 1464 and for DM+HTN INR 2269.Significant correlation was found between income and percentage of expenditure (p<0.001) in all the groups. The PB was found to correlate with low income (p<0.001), poor education (p<0.05) occupation (p<0.01) in DM+HTN and number of tablets (p<0.01) in DM and DM+HTN groups. Conclusion:The cost of therapy was higher for DM+HTN and DM. The percentage of expenditure was higher in low-income group and burden of therapy was directly proportional to the number of tablets, poor educational and occupational status; and inversely proportional to income.

Aim:To detect the prevalence of ocular symptoms and other related problems experienced by IT professionals in OMR IT Corridor, Kelambakkam. Background: The dependence on the computer is rising with time. This will lead to numerous ill-effects in human beings out of which ocular manifestations play a prominent role (it is absolute necessary to know the hazards of the computer before we use it) previously done studies reveal that the awareness of ocular manifestation is less than 20%. Among the lesser known ocular manifestations, one of it is computer vision syndrome. Studies state that chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is one of the fast growing problems in the IT community that requires early identifi cation and prevention to save our younger generations. Thus, this study would provide the necessary detection of CVS in IT people and to know, which group of people requires counseling and which group requires treatment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire study included IT professionals who attended the Department of Ophthalmology, Chettinad Medical College, Chennai during this study period. Questionnaire survey study data were collected in computer users regarding the demography, duration of computer use (hour per day), years of computer use, working distance from computer, level of top of screen from eye level, use of antiglare screen, brightness and contrast adjustment, taking breaks during computer use. Results: During this study period, 300 patients were randomly selected from various IT companies. In which, 186 (62%) males and 114 (38%) females were participated. They were having ocular complaints in descending order such as eye strain (69%), headache (56%), dryness (49%), irritation (47%), burning sensation (41%), blurred vision (39%), itching (32%), watering (29%), redness (21%), and double vision (16%) Interpretation: The data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Aim: To determine whether wearing a face mask for more than three to six hours/day leads to the new onset of symptoms or worsening of pre-existing dry eye disease (DED) in healthcare workers (HCWs) of our institute.Methodology: An observational cross-sectional study, where 114 HCWs using face masks regularly participated voluntarily in the study. A survey with a modified Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was completed by participants. They were divided into groups based on their sex, age, how long they had been wearing face masks, and whether they had a history of DED.Results: We found that for HCWs who had previously experienced DED and who were under the age of 40, wearing a face mask for more than three to six hours/day could contribute to or worsen symptoms of DED. Also, we observed that the N-95 mask has a higher chance of causing DED than surgical masks.Conclusion: Medical professionals need to be aware of any potential dry eye symptoms related to the prolonged use of a face mask. Additional consideration should be given to patients who already have DED. The possible concerns that incorrectly fitted facemasks may cause to the health of their ocular surface should be discussed with patients by ophthalmologists. Future research involving larger populations will shed light on the prevalence and scope of the mask-associated dry eye problem.