Layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) can generate unique materials with high degrees of nanoscale organization and excellent mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. The typical nanometer scale thicknesses restrict their utility to thin films and coatings. Preparation of macroscale nanocomposites will indicate a paradigm change in the practice of LBL, materials manufacturing, and multiscale organization of nanocomponents. Such materials were made in this study via consolidation of individual LBL sheets from polyurethane. Substantial enhancement of mechanical properties after consolidation was observed. The resulting laminates are homogeneous, transparent, and highly ductile and display nearly 3x higher strength and toughness than their components. Hierarchically organized composites combining structural features from 1 to 1 000 000 nm at six different levels of dimensionality with a high degree of structural control at every level can be obtained. The functionality of the resulting fluorescent sandwiches of different colors makes possible mechanical deformation imaging with submicrometer resolution in real time and 3D capabilities.
Multilayered thin films prepared with the layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technique are typically "brittle" composites, while many applications such as flexible electronics or biomedical devices would greatly benefit from ductile, and tough nanostructured coatings. Here we present the preparation of highly ductile multilayered films via LBL assembly of oppositely charged polyurethanes. Free-standing films were found to be robust, strong, and tough with ultimate strains as high as 680% and toughness of approximately 30 MJ/m(3). These results are at least 2 orders of magnitude greater than most LBL materials presented until today. In addition to enhanced ductility, the films showed first-order biocompatibility with animal and human cells. Multilayered structures incorporating polyurethanes open up a new research avenue into the preparation of multifunctional nanostructured films with great potential in biomedical applications.
The characteristics of micelle formed in blends of styrene-isoprene diblock copolymer (SI) and poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) were investigated by using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and light scattering techniques. The results of SAXS and TEM experiments indicate that the blends form spherical micelles with isoprene-rich cores and styrene-corona mixed with PVME in a matrix of PVME. As temperature increased, the blends underwent macrophase separation into a PVME-rich phase and a SI-rich phase which was also microphase-separated to ordered microdomains. Upon further heating, the ordered structure of the SI-rich region transforms to a disordered phase in a manner resembling the order-disorder transition in pure block copolymer melts.
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