Berries of steroid-bearing Solanum viarum Dunal are exploited commercially in India as raw material by steroid industries for solasodine, a glycoalkaloid, present in the mucilaginous exotesta of the seed. Comparative ontogeny of exotesta studied through histochemical studies in diploid, autotetraploid and trisomic plants indicated similarity in the histochemical changes occurring during ontogeny of the outermost seed coat layer which culminated in the transformation of this layer into the mucilage layer. The increased cell size in this layer in the autotetraploid plants probably accounts for the higher steroid content reported. Corroborative evidences for histochemical changes observed in the mucilage layer were obtained from studies of ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy. autotetraploid (both healthy and aborted seeds) and tertiary trisomic plants were collected separately from plants grown .in t~e field under uniform conditions. The material was collected regularly at an interval of 10 days (d) from the day of anthesis, until 80 d during which the fruits turned greenish yellow (70 d) and subsequently completely yellow (80 d). The seeds resulting from the above eight samplings were directly subjected to histochemical studies.The seeds were fixed in two lots: in formalin-acetic acid-alcohol (1.1: 18 by volume) to localize insoluble polysaccharides and Carnoy's B fixative (ethyl alcohol, chloroform and acetic acid in 6: 3 : 1 by volume) to localize nucleic acids and proteins. The material was dehydrated using ethanol-n-butanol grades and embedded in paraffin wax of 58°C melting point. Microtome sections of :t 8 ~m thickness were stained with periodic acidSchiffs (PAS) reagent for total insoluble polysaccharides, mercuric bromophenol blue for proteins and toluidine blue for nucleic acids before mounting in DPX medium.In addition, at 60 d of development smears of the mucilaginous exotesta were stained with toluidine blue and iodine solution separately after processing in alcohol-nbutanol series following fIXation in Carnoy's B fixative.
Abstract.Stomatal Resistance (Rs) is one of the most important parameters in the meteorological models for weather or climate analysis and hydrological scenario estimations. The information for estimating Rs is sparse particularly in the tropics limiting the development of a detailed global terrestrial biosphere-atmosphere interaction analysis. One of the reasons for the scarcity of tropical data is the high cost of instrumentation. A hypothesis is presented to estimate Rs from plant-nutrient status in a field study using stomatal aperture observations to develop a simple, costeffective technique for first-order estimations. Comparisons with observations from a tropical field experiment are encouraging and an approach is suggested using this method for initialization of numerical models using remote sensing techniques based on nitrogen, humidity, and temperature as sufficient parameters.
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