ObjectiveTo evaluate the global burden of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, as well as the five common conditions, and their relevant risk factors from 1990 to 2019.DesignData from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 were used in this study.Setting and participantsIndividuals of all ages and genders from 204 countries and territories in 21 regions.Main outcome measuresThe outcomes were the numbers and age-standardised rates (ASRs) of incident cases, deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of MSK disorders. The average annual percent changes (AAPCs) in the ASRs were calculated using joinpoint regression analysis to estimate the trends.ResultsThere were 322.75 million incident cases, 117.54 thousand deaths and 150.08 million DALYs of MSK disorders in 2019. The age-standardised incidence rate and age-standardised DALY rate in 2019 (incidence: AAPC=−0.32, 95% CI −0.34 to −0.31; DALYs: AAPC=−0.05, 95% CI −0.06 to −0.04) were lower than those in 1990. However, the age-standardised death rate showed a stable trend (AAPC 0.05, 95% CI −0.05 to 0.15) from 1990 to 2019. The peak age of onset and DALYs of MSK disorders was 50–54 years in 2019. The burden of MSK disorders in females was much higher than that in males (1.29 times more incident cases, 2.24 times more deaths and 1.45 times more DALYs in females than in males). A significant negative correlation was observed between the AAPCs in the ASRs and the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) score. Occupational risk exhibited the highest contribution to MSK disorders, and tobacco use and high body mass index were also major risk factors.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the burden of MSK disorders tends to be lower in high-SDI regions than in lower-SDI regions. Strengthening the effectiveness of preventive measures against occupational risks may reduce the burden of MSK disorders.

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Using conventional melt-quenching and subsequent thermal treatment, Er(3+) doped CaF(2) transparent glass ceramic (GC) was prepared. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation and microstructure of CaF(2) nanocrystals in glass. An energy-dispersive spectrometer was used to investigate the distribution of Er(3+) ions and CaF(2) nanocrystals in glass. It was found that Er(3+) ions prefer to concentrate in the CaF(2) nanocrystals rather than in a glass matrix, and the amount of Er(3+) ions plays a key role in the formation of CaF(2) nanocrystals in a glass matrix with the Er(3+) ions as nucleating agent. An intense 2.7 μm emission due to Er(3+): I(11/2)4 → I(13/2)4 was achieved upon excitation at 980 nm with a laser diode, while the 2.7 μm emission can be neglected in the as-prepared glass counterpart, which confirmed the incorporation of Er(3+) ions into CaF(2) nanocrystals. An obvious enhancement of 2.7 μm emerged in the GC doped with 3% Er(3+) and heat-treated at 620 °C.