The migrasome is a newly discovered organelle produced by migrating cells. As cells migrate, long and thin retraction fibers are left in their wake. On these fibers, we discovered the production of a pomegranate-like structure, which we named migrasomes. The production of migrasomes is highly correlated with the migration of cells. Currently, it has been demonstrated the migrasomes exhibit three modes of action: release of signaling molecules through rupturing or leaking, carriers of damaged mitochondria, and lateral transfer of mRNA or proteins. In this review, we would like to discuss, in detail, the functions, mechanisms, and potential applications of this newly discovered cell organelle.
Context: Terrestrosin D (TED), from Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae), exhibits anti-tumour and antiinflammatory activities. However, its effects on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary inflammation and the subsequent fibrotic changes remain unclear. Objective: To examine the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of TED against BLM in murine pulmonary tissues. Materials and methods: Male SPF mice received saline (control), TED (10 mg/kg), BLM (2.5 mg/kg), or BLM (2.5 mg/kg) þ TED (10 mg/kg) group. BLM was administered as a single intranasal inoculation, and TED was intraperitoneally administered once daily. After 2 and 6 weeks of treatment, cell number and differentiation (Giemsa staining) and TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-b1, and PDGF-AB levels (ELISA) were determined in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Hydroxyproline (Hyp) content in the left pulmonary tissue was also determined (ELISA). The right pulmonary tissue was H&E-stained and assessed for the severity of pulmonary fibrosis using the Ashcroft scoring method. Compared with the BLM group, TED decreased inflammatory cell infiltration; number of macrophages (p < 0.05), neutrophils (p < 0.05), lymphocytes (p < 0.05); percentage of macrophages in the monocyte-macrophage system (p < 0.05), and levels of TNFa (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01), IL-8 (p < 0.05), TGF-b1 (p < 0.05), and PDGF-AB (p < 0.05) in the BALF. TED also reduced Hyp content (p < 0.05) in the pulmonary tissue and attenuated the BLM-induced deterioration in lung histopathology. Discussion and conclusions: TED can inhibit BLM-induced inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs of mice, which may be related to reduced inflammatory and fibrotic markers. These results could be further tested in humans through clinical studies.
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