In recent years, environmental problems such as production of industrial waste are getting worse in Japan. In particular, food processing residues are typically disposed of by spending a large amount of money. This paper studied the treatment of two by-products from vinegar production (rice bran and sake lees) using subcritical water and analyzing the extracted solution for functional ingredients. The results from sake lees showed that an operating temperature of 180 °C and a reaction time of 30 min solubilized 85% of the nitrogen-containing component (mainly protein) from the raw material into water-soluble peptides. When rice bran was used as the raw material the solubilization rate of the nitrogen-containing components was greatly decreased at a reaction temperature of 190 °C or higher. It was shown that calcium in the raw material caused the formation of water-insoluble complexes with amino acids and ammonia such as CaCN 2. Subcritical water treatment was shown to be a useful technique to recover useful water-soluble components from residual solid biomass.
Angelica
furcijuga (A. furcijuga), as a material for traditional Chinese
medicine, has been widely used in Asian countries, such as China,
Korea, and Japan, for several centuries owing to its therapeutic effects.
In this study, A. furcijuga leaves
were used as starting materials to extract functional substances using
supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) at pressure and temperature
ranges of 20–40 MPa and 40–80 °C, respectively.
The extraction process was performed in a semibatch-type system with
extraction times of 15–120 min. The high-performance liquid
chromatography analysis indicated that kaempferol, ferulic acid, ligustilide,
and butylidenephthalide as selected functional substances were successfully
extracted under these operating conditions. An operating pressure
of 30 MPa with an extraction time of 60 min seems to be an appropriate
pressure to extract functional components from A. furcijuga leaves. The Hansen solubility parameter values and statistical analysis
showed that SC-CO2 with 10% ethanol addition is a feasible
tool to isolate these selected functional substances from the A. furcijuga matrix.
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