Background and Objectives:Previous studies have evaluated the diagnostic effect of amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) in selected research cohorts. However, these studies did not assess the clinical impact of the combination of amyloid and tau PETs. Our objective was to evaluate the association of the combination of two PETs with changes in diagnosis, treatment, and management in a memory clinic cohort.Methods:All participants underwent amyloid [18F]florbetaben PET and tau PET using [18F]PI-2620 or [18F]Florzolotau, which are potentially useful for the diagnosis of non-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) tauopathies. Dementia specialists determined a pre- and post-PET diagnosis that existed in both a clinical syndrome (cognitive normal [CN], mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and dementia) and suspected etiology, with a confidence level. In addition, the dementia specialists determined patient treatment in terms of ancillary investigations and management.Results:Among 126 registered participants, 84.9% completed the study procedures and were included in the analysis (CN [n=40], MCI [n=25], AD [n=20], non-AD dementia [n=22]). The etiologic diagnosis changed in 25.0% in the CN, 68.0% in the MCI, and 23.8% with dementia. Overall changes in management between pre- and post-PET occurred in 5.0% of CN, 52.0% of MCI, and 38.1% of dementia. Logistic regression analysis revealed that tau PET has stronger associations with change management than amyloid PET in all participants and dementia groups.Discussion:The combination of amyloid and tau PETs was associated with changes in management and diagnosis of MCI and dementia, and the second-generation tau-PET has a strong impact on the changes in diagnosis and management in memory clinics.Classification of evidence:This study provides Class I evidence that the combination of amyloid and tau PETs was associated with changes in management and diagnosis of MCI and dementia.

We herein report a 70-year-old man with recurrent multiple cerebral infarctions under warfarin therapy who was finally diagnosed with Trousseau's syndrome resulting from advanced bladder cancer. A histological examination of the mesenteric lymph nodes revealed metastasis of micropapillary urothelial cancer with positive mucin markers CA125 and MUC1. Blood examinations also indicated elevated tumor markers, such as CA19-9 and CA125. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Trousseau's syndrome in a patient with bladder micropapillary urothelial cancer in which mucin involvement was clearly proven by histological and serological examinations.

We report an autopsy case of anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis with concurrent human herpes virus‐6 (HHV‐6) A deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A 38‐year‐old previously healthy Japanese man presented with a generalized seizure. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were unremarkable, but CSF revealed pleocytosis. On Day 11, HHV‐6 DNA was detected in CSF, and IgG antibodies against the NR1 subunit of the NMDAR (GluN1) were subsequently detected. Since HHV‐6 encephalitis was initially suspected, the patient was treated with foscarnet and ganciclovir, but the HHV‐6A copy number increased from 200 (Day 22) to 2000 copies/mL (Day 47), and the therapy was ineffective. As typical symptoms of anti‐NMDAR encephalitis developed, we changed the patient's treatment to combat anti‐NMDAR encephalitis. He was repeatedly treated with first‐line immunotherapy, and GluN1 antibody titer decreased. He was not treated with second‐line immunotherapy because of recurrent infections; he died on Day 310. Postmortem examinations did not show systemic tumors. Microscopic examination of the brain revealed only severe neuronal rarefaction in the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA) 3–4 areas with gliosis. Early initiation of aggressive immunotherapy may be required in a refractory case of anti‐NMDAR encephalitis, even with HHV‐6A DNA detection, because the significance of this concurrent detection in autoimmune encephalitis remains unclear.

Background: Headache is an important clinical feature of giant cell arteritis (GCA), and biopsy is important for diagnosing GCA. However, no report has examined the clinical features of pathologically confirmed GCA, including headaches, in detail. Thus, we aimed to investigate detailed characteristics of GCA, including headache, and the relationship between pathological findings and clinical symptoms. Methods: We retrospectively identified 26 patients (median age; 77.5 years, male; 38.4%) with GCA who underwent superficial temporal artery (STA) biopsy at the Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital between May 2001 and February 2022. All patients met the GCA diagnostic criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism. We focused on the relationship between clinical features, such as headaches, and pathological findings. Results: Twenty-four patients had a headache that tended to be unilateral, non-pulsatile, and intermittent. Transmural inflammation (TMI), a characteristic pathological finding of GCA, was observed in 14 patients. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between TMI and STA tenderness (p=0.046) and between TMI and STA chordal thickening (p=0.021). Conclusions: Headaches in patients with GCA were often unilateral, non-pulsatile, and intermittent. Furthermore, this study is the first to report that TMI is significantly associated with STA tenderness and ligamentous thickening. We showed that abnormal STA findings were significantly related to GCA pathological findings; thus, it is necessary to pay attention to abnormal STA findings when suspecting GCA.