The rapid development of the tourism industry has been accompanied by an increase in CO2 emissions and has a certain degree of impact on climate change. This study adopted the bottom-up approach to estimate the spatiotemporal change of CO2 emissions of the tourism industry in China and its 31 provinces over the period 2000–2015. In addition, the decoupling index was applied to analyze the decoupling effects between tourism-related CO2 emissions and tourism economy from 2000 to 2015. The results showed that the total CO2 emissions of the tourism industry rose from 37.95 Mt in 2000 to 100.98 Mt in 2015 with an average annual growth rate of 7.1%. The highest CO2 emissions from the tourism industry occurred in eastern coastal China, whereas the least CO2 emissions were in the west of China. Additionally, the decoupling of CO2 emissions from economic growth in China’s tourism industry had mainly gone through the alternations of negative decoupling and weak decoupling. The decoupling states in most of the Chinese provinces were desirable during the study period. This study may serve as a scientific reference regarding decision-making in the sustainable development of the tourism industry in China.
Although the concept of the consumer–brand relationship has undergone rapid change over the past two decades, the issue of brand addiction is still generally neglected in the literature. Based on social identity theory, the research develops a conceptual model of the influence of self-expressive brands (SEBs) and susceptibility to interpersonal influence (SUSCEP) on brand addiction. The results of this research demonstrate both separate and joint effects of SEBs and SUSCEP on brand addiction. In addition, harmonious brand passion and obsessive brand passion positively mediate the relationships among SEB, SUSCEP, and brand addiction. The research explores the formation mechanism of brand addiction from a new perspective and has important practical implications for brand marketers concerned with finding the most effective means to enhance the consumer–brand relationship.
Bank and e-commerce financing strategies are the main ways for farmers to solve the problem of capital shortage. Aiming at the uncertainty risk of the output of the agricultural product supply chain, we consider the risk attitudes of farmers; construct the Stackelberg game model under different financing strategies to obtain the optimal decision of e-commerce and farmers; and explore the expected output factors, the degree of farmers’ risk aversion, e-commerce’s interest rates on the decision-making results. Our research found that farmers with low-risk aversion prefer to choose the e-commerce financing strategy when the e-commerce’s interest rates are lower. In addition, farmers’ risk-averse attitudes lead to lower equilibrium decision-making between farmers and e-entrepreneurs, which is not conducive to the interests of e-commerce and farmers. A higher expected output factor reduces farmers’ production inputs and e-commerce purchase price. When the expected output factor is low, the decision of whether e-commerce provides financing services to farmers is only affected by interest rates, and lower interest rates create more value for e-commerce.
This paper is contended with the joint emission reduction and pricing decision problems, as well as coordination contract design issue for a class of low-carbon supply chain system. Here, the evolution of emission reduction level is characterized by a linear differential equation. Also, product demand depends on emission reduction level, promotional effort, and retail price in a separable multiplicative way. By considering an optimal control model of the low-carbon supply chain, differential game theory is used to obtain the optimal joint emission reduction efforts, pricing strategies, and the optimal emission reduction level in different decision systems. Subsequently, attention is focused on the design of new coordination contract with the fixed or varied wholesale price such that, under the dynamic decision perspective, supply chain system can realize the win-win situation of economy and ecology, as well as the profits of individual members are Pareto improvement. Finally, several numerical examples are given to show the validity and feasibility of the presented results.
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