Tuberculosis (TB) in Korea remains a serious health problem with an estimated 77 per 100,000 incidence rate for 2016. This makes Korea as the only OECD country with high incidence of TB. The government has increased budgets and strengthened patient management policies since 2011. The management of latent tuberculosis was added to the response with strengthened and extensive contact investigations in the five-year tuberculosis control plan (2013–2017) and implementation was established in 2013. Due to these efforts Korea has achieved an average 5.2% reduction annually in tuberculosis incidence rate between 2011 and 2016. To further expedite the reduction of the TB burden the government has introduced additional measures including mandatory screening of latent tuberculosis infection for community workers in congregate settings including daycare centers for children, kindergarten, and teachers in schools and health care workers in clinics and hospitals to solve the problems identified through contact investigations in 2017.Providing high quality free diagnosis and treatment of active TB including for multidrug resistant TB combined with active contact investigations is the mainstay of the current programmatic response in Korea. However, the limitation of existing tools for LTBI pose challenge including absence of best mechanism for effective communication with professionals and the public, the need for at least 3 months of treatment and the risk of side effects. Developing effective tools will help to overcome these challenges.
Baits – fermented food products – are generally attractive to many types of insects, which makes it difficult to sort through non‐target insects to monitor a pest species of interest. We test the hypothesis that a chemically simpler and more defined attractant developed for a target insect is more specific and attracts fewer non‐target insects than a chemically more complex food‐type bait. A four‐component chemical lure isolated from a food bait and optimized for the spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), was compared to the original wine/vinegar bait to assess the relative responses of non‐target insects. In several field experiments in Washington State, USA, it was shown that numbers of pest muscid flies, cutworm and armyworm moths, and pest yellowjackets were reduced in traps baited with the chemical lure compared to the wine/vinegar bait. In other field experiments in the states of Washington, Oregon, and New York, numbers of non‐target drosophilid flies were also reduced in traps baited with the chemical lure relative to wine/vinegar bait. In Washington, numbers of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and Drosophila obscura Fallen species groups and Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant were reduced in the chemical lure traps, whereas in New York, D. melanogaster and D. obscura species groups, D. immigrans, Drosophila putrida Sturtevant, Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, Drosophila tripunctata Loew, and Chymomyza spp. numbers were reduced. In Oregon, this same effect was observed with the D. melanogaster species group. Taken together, these results indicate that the four‐component SWD chemical lure will be more selective for SWD compared to fermentation baits, which should reduce time and cost involved in trapping in order to monitor SWD.
Eubacterium limosum KIST612 is an anaerobic acetogenic bacterium that uses CO as the sole carbon/energy source and produces acetate, butyrate, and ethanol. To evaluate its potential as a syngas microbial catalyst, we have sequenced the complete 4.3-Mb genome of E. limosum KIST612.Synthesis gas (syngas) (H 2 , CO 2 , and CO) has been highlighted for use as a potential feedstock for the production of biofuels and valuable chemicals (9, 16). Eubacterium limosum KIST612 isolated from an anaerobic digester has been considered a microbial syngas catalyst due to its rapid growth under high CO pressure (Ͼ1 atm) and production of acetate and butyrate and ethanol from CO (5-7). To understand its physiological properties (e.g., a high tolerance to CO and production of ethanol) and provide metabolic engineering principles, we attempted to obtain the complete genome sequence information for this microorganism.The genome of E. limosum KIST612 was sequenced by a combination of Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx (GAIIx) and Roche 454 GS FLX (454 GS FLX) platforms. We obtained two libraries of 643,326 single-end (SE) reads and 291,735 pairedend (PE) reads containing 3-kb inserts from 454 GS FLX. The third genomic library of 35,235,888 PE reads containing 400-bp inserts was obtained from GAIIx. To combine these three libraries (454 GS FLX SE and PE and GAIIx PE) into a single procedure, we first assembled GAIIx PE reads into 296 contigs (4,635,997 bases) by the ABySS 1.20 assembler (15) and split into overlapping ϳ1.5-kb fake reads (45,221 reads). We merged these fake reads with 454 SE and PE reads (total 935,061 reads) and assembled into 9 scaffolds (34 contigs) by the Newbler gsAssembler 2.3 (454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT). We determined the actual order of 9 scaffolds in a single contig with a series of PCRs based on a permutation table of scaffolds. The genome was finished by filling gaps with sequencing and primer walking of PCR products using an ABI 3730 capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems, CA).The complete genome of E. limosum KIST612 consisted of 4,276,902 bp in a single circular chromosome with an average GϩC content of 47.5%. Approximately 91% of the nucleotides were predicted as 4,516 protein-coding regions by the union of Glimmer (8), GeneMarkS (3), and Prodigal (10). The predicted proteins were annotated by BLAST (1) and the RAST server (2). Seventy-eight percent (3,541) of the open reading frames were annotated with known proteins. Five copies of the 16S-23S-5S rRNA operon and a separate 5S rRNA locus were predicted by RNAmmer 1.2 (12), and the 58 tRNA genes were identified by tRNAscan-SE 1.23 (13).Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that E. limosum KIST612 uses the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to fix CO (or CO 2 ) and converts it into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), like other syngas-utilizing acetogens such as Moorella thermoacetica (14), Clostridium ljungdahlii (11), and Clostridium carboxidivorans strain P7 T (4). E. limosum KIST612 also contains 10 genes annotated as subunits of hydrogenases that may provide reducing...
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