A new equine coronavirus was isolated from the feces of adult horses with pyrogenic and enteric disease. The disease outbreak was mainly observed among 2- to 4-year-old horses living in stables of a draft-horse racetrack in Japan. On comparing the isolated virus (isolate Tokachi09) with the equine coronavirus NC99 strain, no significant differences were observed in several biological properties such as hemagglutinating activity, antigenicity (in indirect immunofluorescence and neutralization tests), and one-step growth (in cell culture). The sequences of the nucleocapsid and spike genes of isolate Tokachi09 showed identical size (1341 and 4092 nucleotides, 446 and 1363 amino acids, respectively) and high similarity (98.0% and 99.0% at the nucleotides, 97.3% and 99.0% at the amino acids, respectively) to those of strain NC99. However, the isolate had a 185-nucleotide deletion from four bases after the 3'-terminal end of the spike gene, resulting in the absence of the open reading frame predicted to encode a 4.7-kDa nonstructural protein in strain NC99. These results suggest that the 4.7-kDa nonstructural protein is not essential for viral replication, at least in cell culture, and that the Japanese strain probably originated from a different lineage to the North American strain. This is the first equine coronavirus to be isolated from adult horses with pyrogenic and enteric disease.
Many bacterial pathogens encode ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins. The authors identified an ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin homologue (ArtA, ArtB) in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) DT104. ArtA is most homologous to a putative pertussis-like toxin subunit present in Salmonella typhi (STY1890) and Salmonella paratyphi A (SPA1609), while ArtB shows homology to a hypothetical periplasmic protein of S. typhi (STY1364) and S. paratyphi A (SPA1188), and a putative pertussis-like toxin subunit in S. typhi (STY1891) and S. paratyphi A (SPA1610). The artA gene was detected from the phage particle fraction upon mitomycin C induction, and the flanking region of artAB contains a prophage-like sequence, suggesting that these putative toxin genes reside within a prophage. Southern blotting analysis revealed that artA is conserved in 12 confirmed DT104 strains and in four related strains which are not phage-typed but are classified into the same group as DT104 by both amplified-fragment length polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Except for one strain, NCTC 73, all 13 S. typhimurium strains which were classified into different groups from that of DT104 lacked the artA locus. The results suggest that phage-mediated recombination has resulted in the acquisition of art genes in S. typhimurium DT104 strains.
Bovine papillomavirus type 12 (BPV-12, putative type BAA1) was detected in epithelial papilloma located on the tongue of an infected cow. Then, the whole genome was sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis illustrated that it should be classified as a member of the genus Xipapillomavirus. The viral genome is 7197 base pairs in length and contains five early ORFs (E1, E2, E4, E7 and E8), three late ORFs (L1, L2 and L3), and a long control region that possesses replication regulatory elements. Meanwhile, mRNA of each gene was detected in the papilloma sample. The papilloma was identified as epithelial papilloma by histological and immunohistochemical examination. Based on the genome information and pathological properties, BAA1 was designated as BPV-12 in this study.
Eight bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types, BPV-1-8, have been classified, based on genome nucleotide sequence similarities, in the genera Deltapapillomavirus (BPV-1 and -2), Epsilonpapillomavirus (BPV-5 and -8), Xipapillomavirus (BPV-3, -4 and -6) and an unassigned genus (BPV-7). We report here the complete genome sequence of two new BPV types isolated from separate epithelial squamous papilloma lesions on cattle teats. The genomes are 7303 and 7399 bp in length, respectively, and both have genetic organization and consensus motifs typical of papillomaviruses. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree revealed that both viruses cluster with BPV-3, -4 and -6. Nucleotide sequence identities of the BPV L1 major capsid protein of these two new BPVs with BPV-3, their closest relative, are 74.2 and 71.2 %, respectively. These results suggest that both viruses are new BPV types in the genus Xipapillomavirus, and they are designated BPV-9 and BPV-10.Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is an aetiological agent associated with several forms of cutaneous and mucosal papillomas (Campo, 2002). Six different types of BPVs have been distinguished on the basis of DNA sequence relatedness. Each BPV is associated with type-specific lesions (Jarrett et al., 1984): BPV-1 and BPV-2 are classified in the genus Deltapapillomavirus and infect the epithelium and dermis, giving rise to fibropapillomas; BPV-3, BPV-4 and BPV-6 are classified in the genus Xipapillomavirus and are strictly epitheliotropic, inducing true epithelial papillomas, and BPV-5 is classified in the genus Epsilonpapillomavirus and infects the epithelium and dermis, inducing both fibropapillomas and true epithelial papillomas of the skin (Bloch et al., 1994;Campo 2002;de Villiers et al., 2004). Recently, 16 putative new BPV types were partially cloned and sequenced from healthy skin swabs (Antonsson & Hansson, 2002;Ogawa et al., 2004). Two of the BPVs were characterized further by cloning and sequencing their complete genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both viruses were new BPV types: one was designated BPV-7 and classified as a member of a new papillomavirus (PV) genus, and the other was designated BPV-8 and classified as a member of the genus Epsilonpapillomavirus Tomita et al., 2007). However, the tumorigenic potential of these two new BPV types and the other 14 putative new BPV types has not been elucidated. In a previous report, we identified two putative new BPV types, designated BPV-Type I and BPV-Type II, which may have caused an outbreak of bovine teat papillomatosis in Japan (Maeda et al., 2007). BPV-Type I and II were identified by PCR amplification of a 590 bp DNA fragment within the BPV genome L1 major capsid protein gene (GenBank accession no. AB253592 for type I; no. AB253595 for type II). However, the remaining BPV-Type I and II genome sequences have not been reported. In this study, the complete genome sequences of BPV-Type I and II were determined. These sequencing and phylogenetic analysis results showed that BPV-Type I and II are new BPV types (designated...
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