Facial measurements in IAW are much different from NAWW, and these results will assist in preoperative planning. Several features are correlated with attractiveness in IAW: larger and wider-set eyes, a smaller midface, a smaller nose with greater tip rotation, smaller ears and a larger mouth. Attractive IAW display many measurements typical of average IAW and several measurements that reflect average NAWW values. These results contribute to concepts of transcultural aesthetics--for a minority ethnic group, facial beauty appears to be an assimilation of deep-rooted ethnic features with prevailing cultural traits and aesthetic standards.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a change in parental bonding and couples' attitudes toward their fetus after undergoing 3-/4-dimensional ultrasonography (3D/4DUS). Methods. Sixty-five fathers and 124 mothers were asked to fill out a maternal-fetal attachment questionnaire relating to how they felt about their fetus before and after 3D/4DUS and to mark on a line indicating their feelings about the ultrasonography experience. In addition, 135 parents filled out a positive feelings questionnaire consisting of 5 sections assessing their feelings about the fetus. The 3D/4DUS examination included rendering of the fetal face, limbs, and thorax. Results. One hundred forty-two patients filled out all questions and were analyzed for the total attachment score. The difference of the total score for the maternal-fetal attachment questionnaire before and after 3D/4DUS had a z value of 5.6 for all patients and was statistically significant (P < .0001). In analyzing each question, 5 were found to have a statistically significantly different score for women, but only 2 were found so for men. The scores for the line, before and after 3D/4DUS, showed a significant difference for men but not women. The women studied did not show a change using this instrument because their median response was at the maximum measurement before their sonograms. The positive feelings questionnaire showed a statistically significant change for women in all sections but for men in only 2. Conclusions. Parents have a change in attitude regarding their fetus after undergoing 3D/4DUS. Mothers showed an increase in bonding to their fetus after 3D/4DUS in more categories than fathers.

Background/Aim: Quantifying percutaneous absorption of topical drugs as well as those compounds relevant to occupational exposure is important for assessing delivery, efficacy and toxicology. Methods for assessing absorption are established for intact skin; however, what may be equally relevant is how much absorption occurs through damaged skin. Methods: The Embase database was accessed online in March 2009 in search of human in vitro studies measuring absorption through damaged or diseased skin. Results: Few studies have measured absorption through damaged human skin in vitro but those that have demonstrate a modest but clear enhancement in absorption with enhancement favoring hydrophilic molecules. Conclusions: Damaged or diseased skin may display a modest increase in absorption compared to intact skin; however, more studies with consistent methods and correlations to in vivo data are needed to fully elucidate how much absorption occurs through damaged skin.

Background/Aim: Quantifying percutaneous penetration of topical drugs as well as those compounds relevant to occupational exposure is important for assessing their delivery, efficacy and toxicology. Methods for assessing penetration are established for intact skin; however, what may be equally relevant is how much penetration occurs through damaged skin. Methods: The Embase database was accessed online in March 2009 in search of human in vivo studies measuring penetration through damaged or diseased skin. Results: Few studies have measured penetration through damaged human skin in vivo. A majority demonstrate a modest enhancement in penetration, with the exception of microdialysis studies that show a significant enhancement. The enhancement generally favored hydrophilic molecules over lipophilic molecules. Conclusions: Damaged or diseased skin may display a modest increase in penetration compared to intact skin, which is dependent on the method of measurement; however, additional studies with consistent methods are needed to fully elucidate how much penetration occurs through the many types and degrees of damaged skin.