Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is transmitted between swine, migratory birds, and Culex mosquitoes, and has circulated indigenously in Asia for almost a century. Despite being the country with the highest JEV diversity, surveillance targeting of Indonesia’s vectors is scarce. This study collected mosquitoes from several locations in Tabanan Regency, Bali Island, Indonesia. We captured and classified 3,032 adult Culex mosquitoes into seven species, with Culex vishnui subgroup mosquitoes making up approximately 90% of the total. Japanese encephalitis virus was identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of a Cx. vishnui mosquito pool. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis revealed the JEV as genotype (G) IV. The nucleotide identity was 99% with other JEV GIV isolates obtained from swine sera in 2017 on Bali Island and from a human patient in Australia with a travel history to Bali in 2019. This finding indicated that JEV GIV persists in restricted areas and is circulating between swine-mosquito vectors.
The decrease in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and number of hippocampal neurons are two indicators in the decrease of memory function, cognitive, and learning function. The present study aimed to determine BDNF expression and the number of hippocampal neurons on moderate and high intensity exercise by listening to music. Design of the present study was a randomised control group post-test only design. A total of 33 male rats, Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar, aged eight weeks, with body weight 160±20 g were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 (G1) (n=11, control group without intervention), Group 2 (G2) (n=11, performed moderate intensity exercise, treadmill 14-16 m/min for 30 min by listening to pop music with fast tempo of 160 beats/min) and Group 3 (G3) (n=11, high intensity exercise, treadmill 22-25 m/min for 20 min by listening to pop music with fast tempo of 160 beats/min). The intervention was performed between 17:00-21:00 pm, three times per week for 12 weeks. Blood and brain samples were obtained and evaluated 12 h after the end of the last exercise. BDNF serum was measured using ELISA and hippocampal neurons were stained by haematoxylin-eosin and counted using OlyVIA software. Study results showed a BDNF for G1 of 1,098.14±135.31 pg/ml, G2 of 1,113.72±65.87 pg/ml, and G3 of 1,331.56±105.35 pg/ml (P=0.001). The total number of hippocampal neurons for G1 was 54.75±6.83 cells, for G2 59.87±7.68 cells, and G3 80.58±9.79 cells (P=0.001). According to the study it can be concluded that high intensity exercise combined by listening to music with a fast tempo of 160 beats/min increases BDNF expression and the number of hippocampal neurons.
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some countries, including Indonesia, have faced a double burden with regards to disease control. As Indonesia is a tropical country, it serves as a suitable host for disease vectors and multiple microorganisms of causative agents of disease. In total, five of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) should be a consideration in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic, including leprosy, yaws, filariasis, soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis. The present review summarises the preparedness of Indonesia in facing NTDs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strengthening government leadership will be a valuable factor for combating NTDs in Indonesia. For instance, strong leadership can lead to precise management, by increasing the number of health facilities, engaging in active case identification, conducting health campaigns and instituting new regulations to prevent the stigmatization faced by patients. Preventive medicine in the first level of health facilities can be prioritized and presented to the community via health campaigns, health advocacy and improvement in follow-up after active case surveillance. Government-supported integrated management is also a key component in eliminating NTD. Moreover, healthy lifestyle campaigns that include social distancing, wearing a mask and regularly washing hands should be promoted continuously to reduce the transmission of COVID-19, which is potentially associated with a poor outcome in individuals with NTDs. This review concluded that the Indonesian government should strengthen their efforts toward NTD control using alternative methods, such as involving key citizens in the collaboration of the detection of new cases and introducing mobile health as a means of detecting health problems or following up on patient progress. To reduce the transmission of COVID-19, testing, tracing and treatment must be improved, so that the gap between suspected cases and confirmed cases of COVID-19 can be closed. If the transmission of COVID-19 can be decreased, case detection and efforts toward NTD control can be conducted effectively.
Time delay in construction projects causing not only extended duration but also excessive project costs. It is needed by both owner and contractors to have good understanding to delay factors in construction project. The research aim is assesing delay factors in construction project from owner and contractors point of view. Questionnaire was used in this research and data were analyzed through Kendall’s W test using SPSS programme. This research has analyzed 15 delay factors in construction projecy i.e land acquisition delay, location, social, contract change order (CCO), rework, quality of subcontractor, delay in permits, poor planning, unstable material price, law and regulation, owner required, inflation, payment delay, cash flow and bad weather. The research finding land acquisition delay as the top of delay factors in construction project in Indonesia.
Abstract. Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC) is a construction model that integrated the work between engineering, procurement, and construction. The EPC project is usually applied in petroleum work. One of the important aspects of success key in this project is the supply chain management (SCM). The high level of complexity of work as well as the integration of the construction phase needs to be mapped how the supply chain in this project. This paper used Value Stream Mapping (VSM) method to explain the procurement processes for easier understanding and problem identification. It is illustrated in the procurement process behaviour within a specific period from the total production time. This paper describes a case study performed on EPC 1 Banyu Urip Project. VSM presented real-time data to deliver the processes, material, and any other constraint relevant to the procurement process on EPC projects. Based on a case study on pipe material, the procurement process from upstream to downstream took 21 weeks. It was a waste of time to look for solutions. The recommended solutions use the local vendors, involve suppliers early and provide input into engineering designs, and good communication between supply chain participants.
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