Objective:To isolate, determine the frequency, and study the demographic trends of MBL positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa from imipenem resistant isolates collected from clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan.Methods:In this cross sectional study a total of 230 strains of Pseudomonas were isolated from various clinical specimens on the basis of culture and biochemical tests. Imipenem resistant isolates were selected by Kirby Bauer Diffusion technique, followed by screening for MBL production by Imipenem EDTA Combined Disk Test. Demographic details of each patient were recorded on a separate questionnaire. Chi-Square goodness-of-fit test was computed to review the isolation of MBL positive isolates (P-value ≤ 0.05) in different specimen.Results:Out of 230 strains of P. aeruginosa 49.5% were imipenem resistant; MBL production was confirmed in 64.9% of the resistant isolates. Resistance to polymyxin B (12.5%) was notable. Majority of the MBL positive strains were isolated from patients aged between 20-39 years (45.9%) and the predominant source was pus (43.24%) which was found to be statistically significant (P-value=0.04). Outpatient departments (24.3%) and burn unit (21.6%) were the major places for resistant isolates.Conclusion:MBL production is one of the major causes of IRPA. Increasing resistance to polymyxin B is grave. Due to acquisition of MBL strains MDR P. aeruginosa has become endemic in tertiary setups.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated consumption of two high-fiber diets on postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Two mixed-food breakfast meals composed predominantly of either red kidney beans or bran cereal were fed to six healthy young men. The meals provided equivalent levels of digestible carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fiber. Insulin responses measured after breakfast were lower with the bean diet than with the bran cereal diet but higher when measured after a standard lunch. No significant interactions were found between the diets and the length of the time the subjects were on the diets (days 1 vs 7). In comparison to the postprandial responses on day 1 of the diet periods, postprandial responses on day 7 showed reduced glucose and insulin responses to breakfast and reduced insulin responses to lunch. Responses to an oral glucose tolerance test were not affected by repeated consumption of these diets.

Hepatitis C virus is associated with Hepatitis C which can be acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis C is usually short term illness that can lead to chronic infection, while chronic hepatitis C is a chronic liver disease leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and even death. The mode of transmission is mainly parenteral and vertical. Hepatitis C is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and a serious public health problem, worldwide as well as in Pakistan. There is no vaccine available for hepatitis C so the only way to prevent hepatitis C is by changing behaviors which can spread the disease. Pakistan is also facing a huge burden of this disease. In Pakistan, the frequency of hepatitis C virus infection ranges from 8% -15% in the general population with variations in different parts of the country. The general method of detecting infection with HCV is to observe the presence of antibodies to the virus. The aim of this study was to determine frequency of hepatitis C among general population and to see the increasing frequency in our part. 79840 years and males are affected more than females. Conclusion: Hepatitis C in increasing in our population affecting the young generation between the age of 21 -40 years and male population is affected more than females so a mass screening is needed to know the exact position of the disease as well as awareness programs should be started using media.

Background: Diabetes mellitus has remained the major concern for medical sciences               researches due to its deleterious effects on general, physical and mental health of patients. To understand the pathophysiology and to explore better treatment options for such kind of metabolic disorders it is necessary to generate the experimental animal models. To create diabetic animal models, streptozotocin has shown predominance in selectivity as a diabetogenic agent. While studying effects of any intervention in the diabetic animal models, being a cytotoxic drug streptozotocin may affect the study results by inhibiting highly replicating cells especially hematopoietic cells. Aims: The aim of study was to analyze the effects of streptozotocin on various cellular components of blood such as RBCs, WBCs (Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils), Hb%, HCT and Platelets, at baseline, 5th day and 15th day without any intervention. Study Design: Animal based Experimental study. Place and duration of Study: The study was conducted at animal house of faculty of Pharmacy Ziauddin University Karachi, while laboratory work was performed at MDRL-1 Ziauddin University. Methodology: In Group A normal saline and in group B and C 60 mg / kg streptozotocin diluted in normal saline was administered intraperitoneally. After the confirmation of induction of Diabetes in rats, on fifth day blood samples were drawn from Group A and B and were analyzed. While blood samples from group C were drawn on fifteenth day. Results: Analysis of various hematological parameters on 5th day revealed that there was a decrease in the levels of Hb, HCT, RBCs and WBCs with an increase in platelet count in group B in comparison to group A (control). On the other hand, in Group C (15th day), blood cell counts (Hb, HCT, RBCs, WBCs, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils and platelets) seemed to recover from streptozotocin induced decline that was observed in group B, however did not reach the baselines as in group A(control). Conclusion: It is concluded that change in hematological parameters of rats after administration of streptozotocin is reversible. The blood parameters may recover near to base line values without any intervention within two weeks.

Background: When there are high demands besides less resources, a person experiences a feeling of fear that is known as “Stress”. Students of professional schools/colleges and universities are encounter more stress than the general population as they are in a transitory phase from adolescence to adulthood. It has been highlighted that medical education has greater association with stress. There are three examination systems that are been followed by medical colleges of Pakistan (modular, semester and annual systems). However, to the best of our knowledge, no data is available to show the association of stress with current examination systems in our country. Aims: The objectives of our study were to find out the association of stress with different examination systems and to identify the frequency of stress causing and coping factors adopted by 1st, 2nd and 3rd year medical students studying in colleges having different examination systems i.e. modular, semester and annual. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place & Duration of Study: This study was conducted from December 2018 to April 2019 in three medical colleges of Sindh having above mentioned examination systems. Study Population: Medical students of 1st 2nd and 3rd year. Methodology: To assess depression, anxiety and stress among study population, DASS Scale was used. To identify the stress causing and coping factors in the students Likert scale based proforma with 19 factors were given to the selected participants Results: There was no significant association of examination system with depression, anxiety and stress, however various stress causing and coping factors were found significant in altering medical student`s life. Conclusion: According to our study, the frequency of stress in the medial students has no association with the examination systems (modular, semester and annual), currently followed by the medical colleges in Sindh, Pakistan.