Purpose To determine whether bacteria are isolated from canine indolent ulcers and evaluate their influence on clinical outcomes. Methods Swabs for anaerobic and aerobic culture were collected from indolent ulcers of 43 client‐owned dogs presenting to the University of Saskatchewan Veterinary Medical Centre. Outcomes were compared between ulcers with bacterial isolates and those without. Medical therapy was reviewed. Results Bacteria were isolated in 8/43 ulcers: Three cultured two isolates and five cultured single isolates. Staphylococcus was the most common genus isolated and was present in six ulcers: Species included unspecified [2], pseudintermedius [2], schleiferi [1], and hominis [1]. Streptococcus was the second most common isolate present in two ulcers: Species included canis and agalactiae. Tobramycin was the most common antibiotic used in ulcers with bacterial isolates prior to referral (n = 3). One case did not have conclusive follow‐up data from the referring veterinarian and was therefore excluded from further analysis. All seven culture‐positive ulcers were recorded as healed without complication: six healing after one procedure and one healing after two procedures. Thirty‐five ulcers were culture‐negative. There was no difference in outcome between indolent ulcers with bacterial isolates and those with negative cultures (P = .7475). Conclusions Bacteria were isolated from 19% of indolent ulcers, and Staphylococcus was the most common isolate. Bacterial isolation did not influence outcome.

Purpose To describe the complications of conjunctival graft surgery occurring in cases at a referral ophthalmic service and evaluate factors that lead to occurrence of complications in canine cases. Methods A retrospective case–control study was completed using data from the Veterinary Medical Center at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada, between May 2015 and March 2020. Case records from dogs that underwent conjunctival pedicle graft surgery and subsequently either did or did not develop a conjunctival graft complication were reviewed. Results One hundred and six dogs undergoing conjunctival graft surgeries were identified. Sixteen conjunctival graft complications occurred, of which, eight led to negative outcomes. Univariable analysis comparing canine eyes that developed complications to control eyes revealed potential (p ≤ .05) differences between the groups in post‐operative fluoroquinolone use, Streptococcus canis isolation, intraoperative intravenous cefazolin use, corneal stromal white cell infiltrate, and mean ulcer diameter. The use of intraoperative cefazolin could not be effectively evaluated with available data; however, no dogs (n = 22) receiving intraoperative cefazolin developed complications. Multivariable analysis revealed that dogs that were treated with a second‐generation fluoroquinolone and that had S. canis isolated had higher odds of experiencing complications than dogs that were not treated with a second‐generation fluoroquinolone and that were S. canis negative (Odds ratio = 64.7 [95% CI 6.3–669], p < .0001). Conclusions Streptococcus species played a role in conjunctival graft complications in our study. Empiric selection of second‐generation fluoroquinolone monotherapy may need reconsideration given the frequent isolation of Streptococcus spp. from canine ulcers. The use of intraoperative cefazolin may be associated with a lower complication rate.

Streptococcus canis is a beta-haemolytic, Gram-positive cocci commonly identified on the canine ocular surface under both healthy and diseased conditions. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of S. canis on the normal and abnormal ocular surface of a canine ophthalmology referral population in Canada, and to investigate potential clinical aspects that may be associated with its presence. Included were 59 dogs (118 eyes) with unilateral or bilateral ocular disease diagnosed at the time of conjunctival sampling. A real-time PCR specific for S. canis was standardized for use with conjunctival swabs. Total DNA was extracted from 118 samples and used as template for the diagnostic assay. Samples were considered positive if amplification was detected and dissociation temperature matched a positive control. Signalment and other clinical data were also collected at the time of sampling. Of the 118 eyes sampled, 8 tested positive for S. canis (6.8%). No association between the detection of S. canis and breed, cephalic conformation, sex, age, use of ophthalmic antibiotics or other topical medications, ophthalmic diagnosis, use of systemic antibiotics or other systemic medications, or systemic diagnosis was identified. In conclusion, S. canis may be present on the ocular surface of dogs at a higher rate than previously reported. It is suggested that this may be linked to the use of PCR for pathogen detection instead of culture.