(6) Scientific Support Lancashire Constabulary, PR4 5SB (7) Department of Psychology University of Stirling, FK9 4LA 2 Eyewitnesses are often invited to construct a facial composite, an image created of the person they saw commit a crime that is used by law enforcement to locate criminal suspects. In the current paper, the effectiveness of composite images was investigated from traditional feature systems (E-FIT and PRO-fit), where participants (face constructors) selected individual features to build the face, and a more recent holistic system (EvoFIT), where they 'evolved' a composite by repeatedly selecting from arrays of complete faces. Further participants attempted to name these composites when seen as an unaltered image, or when blurred, rotated, linearly stretched or converted to a photographic negative. All of the manipulations tested reduced correct naming of the composites overall except (i) for a low level of blur, for which naming improved for holistic composites but reduced for feature composites, and (ii) for 100% linear stretch, for which a substantial naming advantage was observed. Results also indicated that both featural (facial elements) and configural (feature spacing) information was useful for recognition in both types of composite system, but highly-detailed information was more accurate in the feature-based than the holistic method. The naming advantage of linear stretch was replicated using a forensically more-practical procedure with observers viewing an unaltered composite sideways. The work is valuable to police practitioners and designers of facial-composite systems. The research investigates the effectiveness of facial-composite systems as used by police practitioners to locate people (offenders) who commit crime. It is found that different types of information were created differently for contrasting composite systems. A novel presentation format was also developed that should substantially improve recognition of real-world composites.(50 words.) 3
The forest across a sharp boundary between greywacke and serpentinized peridotite is described from a site with seasonal rainfall on Palawan, Philippines. The forest on greywacke was of much larger stature (trees up to 26m) than that on the serpentinized peridotite (trees up to 18m). The tree (>10cm dbh) species richness was the same on both substrata with 38 species in one 0.16ha plot on each side of the boundary. There were many more individuals in the greywacke plot (149) than on the serpentinized peridotite (114). Floristically the plots were very different, with only one tree species, an unidentified Madhuca, occurring on both sides of the boundary. The soil over the greywacke was notably more acid, had lower Mg/Ca quotients, and much lower nickel concentrations than the soil over serpentinized peridotite.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.