Self-other distinction, the separation between self and other, is a prerequisite for empathy through which individuals share another individual's feelings. Prior research suggests that females are better at recognizing and sharing others' emotions, whereas males perform better at self-other distinction. It is unclear, however, whether this superiority in the self-other distinction occurs in males throughout the experience of empathy or only at some stages of the empathic process. The present study utilized event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate this issue. In two separate experimental tasks, subjects were instructed to either judge the emotions shown on a face (other-task) or evaluate their own affective responses to the emotions shown on a face (self-task). The results of the other-task revealed that unlike males, females displayed increased P2 (190-240 ms) amplitudes to sad expressions compared with neutral expressions. This finding might be associated with an improved ability to recognize and share the emotions of others in females. In contrast, only males exhibited larger P2 amplitudes to sad expressions compared with neutral expressions during the self-task. This awareness of one's own emotions in response to another individual might reflect a distinction between the self and the other at an early stage in males. At the late cognitive controlled stage, gender differences became weak. However, the emotion effects in each task for both genders were positively correlated with self-reported cognitive empathy, which was indexed by the perspective taking (PT) and fantasy (FS) subscale, but not with affective empathy.
BackgroundAlcohol consumption has been inconsistently associated with the risk of ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study was to summarize the data from prospective cohort studies on the relationship between alcohol consumption and ovarian cancer using a meta-analytic approach.MethodsWe performed electronic searches of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library in May 2014 to identify studies that examined the effects of alcohol consumption on the incidence of ovarian cancer. Only prospective cohort studies that reported effect estimates about the incidence of ovarian cancer with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of alcohol intake were included.ResultsCollectively, we included 13 prospective studies that reported on data from 1,996,841 individuals and included 5,857 cases of ovarian cancer. Alcohol consumption had little to no effect on ovarian cancer incidence when compared to non-drinkers (risk ratio [RR], 1.03; 95% CI, 0.96–1.10; P = 0.473). Similarly, low (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93–1.00; P = 0.059), moderate (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.92–1.27; P = 0.333), and heavy (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.88–1.12; P = 0.904) alcohol consumption was not associated with the risk of ovarian cancer. Furthermore, subgroup analyses suggested that low alcohol intake was associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer whereas heavy alcohol intake was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer in multiple subpopulations.ConclusionsOur study suggests that alcohol intake is not associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Subgroup analyses indicated that alcohol consumption might be associated with the risk of ovarian cancer in specific population or in studies with specific characteristics.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1355-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Purpose
Drawing on self-determination theory and insights from the literature on service-dominant (S-D) logic and value co-creation, this paper aims to investigate the impacts of an S-D orientation on positive customer outcomes (i.e. customer participation behaviors, customer citizenship behaviors and quality of life) and the underlying mechanisms of these effects.
Design/methodology/approach
Custom travel service (CTS) was chosen as the research setting. In total, 303 valid questionnaires were gathered from tourists in China. The partial least squares structural equation modeling approach was used for model estimation.
Findings
Tourism firms’ S-D orientation positively influences customer participation behaviors via customer psychological need satisfaction (i.e. perceived autonomy, competence and relatedness), customer citizenship behaviors via perceived relatedness and customer quality of life via perceived autonomy and perceived competence.
Research limitations/implications
Although the impact of S-D orientation is studied in the CTS context, this study illustrates how firms embracing S-D logic can facilitate value co-creation and customer quality of life, presenting a more precise picture for academics and practitioners.
Originality/value
This paper is the first attempt to empirically examine the relationships among S-D orientation, customer value cocreation and quality of life. The relevance of customer psychological need satisfaction is acknowledged in this study.
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