Nanopillar arrays with InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-disks (MQDs) are fabricated by focused-ion-beam milling with surface damage layer removed by KOH wet etching. Nano-light-emitting diodes (Nano-LEDs) made of the InGaN/GaN MQD nanopillars are found to have 19.49% less output power than that of a conventional LED. The reasons are analyzed in detail and considering their current-voltage and electroluminescence characteristics, internal quantum efficiency, external quantum efficiency, light extraction, and wall-plug efficiency. Our results suggest that nanopillar-LED can outperform if the density can be increased to 2.81 × 109 cm−2 with the size unchanged or the size can be increased to 854.4 nm with the density unchanged.
A GaN swelling–milling competition phenomenon was found under focused ion beam
milling. Tuning the beam dwell time or introducing dopants into GaN is able to control the
degree of GaN swelling, which makes feasible the writing of large-area nanopillar arrays.
High-aspect-ratio InGaN/GaN MQW nanopillars were accordingly fabricated by a
self-masking process where the tops of the p-GaN tips were swollen during milling. The
shadowing effect from the swollen tops induced only minimal damage to the MQWs,
with the cathodoluminescence (CL) emission peak of the InGaN/GaN MQWs
showing a blue shift of about 35 meV compared with that of the as-grown wafer.
The fabrication of nanopillars containing InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells has been achieved via focused ion beam, using modified beam-shape tuning. Tuning the ion beam astigmatism and/or focusing permits control of the size and shape of IIInitride islands, which makes feasible the fast writing of large-area InGaN/GaN island arrays on epi-layer sample embedded with multiple quantum wells. Interestingly, some islands became high-aspect-ratio nanopillars intermittently under an adequate degree of defocus. Typically, the pillars have diameters of around 100 -150 nm and heights of around 600 -1500 nm. High-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and Z-contrast imaging revealed the preserved perfection of single-crystalline nature and quantum well structure of one single pillar, respectively. The optical characterization on the pillars was also carried out by cathodoluminescence, and the peak position showed a blue shift of 35 meV compared with the original epi-layer wafer.
What is known and objective
Pharmacist‐managed clinics (PMCs) are established to solve drug‐related problems and enhance the quality of care of ambulatory patients. Although the benefits of such services have been demonstrated, little is known about PMC operations, especially outside the United States. The aim of this study was to explore how PMCs were established and to discuss implementation issues of PMCs in Taiwan.
Methods
A purposive sample of pharmacists, pharmacy administrators and physicians involved with PMCs was recruited from hospitals of varying scales across Taiwan. Semi‐structured, individual interviews were conducted to understand the perceptions of the clinical service of PMCs. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed by thematic analysis to find underlying themes.
Results
A total of 12 pharmacists, 5 pharmacy administrators and 3 physicians from 8 institutions were interviewed. Pharmacists spent 4 to 20 h per week at PMCs, and the practice experiences of PMC ranged from 1 to 6 years. PMCs have been provided in these institutions for 4 to 11 years with an average volume of 28 h and 25 patient visits weekly. Study participants described influential factors in establishing PMCs, including clinical expertise, attitude towards patient care and trust building with collaborating physicians. Operational concerns in implementing PMCs included role clarifications, manpower shortage, inadequate advanced training or certification, regulatory issues and a lack of service promotion.
What is new and conclusion
This research broadens the understanding of operating PMC services and reveals key requirements and concerns regarding the care model, which can be useful for other countries. Resolving perceived barriers and collecting other stakeholders’ perspectives may reinforce the integration of PMCs into patient care in the future.
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