Trichoderma based BAU-biofungicide, chemical Carbendazim and a synthetic plant growth promoting (PGP) hormone have been used to study their effect on Cercospora leaf spot of Indian spinach. Number of leaf, number of infected leaf, disease incidence, disease severity, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), plant height and plant weight were measured and significant variations was found against different treatment combinations. Among the treatment combinations, seed treating with Carbendazim followed by foliar spray with Carbendazim, seed coating with BAU bio-fungicide followed by foliar spray with Carbendazim, only foliar spray with Carbendazim and only spray of PGP hormone significantly reduced disease incidence and severity with increasing of plant height and weight. Interestingly, foliar application of PGP hormone reduces disease incidence and severity by 58.38% and 63.8% in both the variety of Indian spinach, respectively over control, whereas; in both the variety disease incidence and severity is reduced by seed treatment with Carbendazim followed by foliar spray with Carbendazim 69.72% & 77.63%; seed treatment with BAU bio-fungicide followed by foliar spray with Carbendazim 63.73% & 69.49%; foliar spray with Carbendazim 55.68% & 58.19%, respectively. Foliar application of PGP hormone along with the reducing of disease incidence and severity, also increases the leaf number by 68.62%, plant height by 54.64% and plant weight by 65.69% over control. AUDPC showed that, local variety of Indian spinach is more susceptible to Cercospora leaf spot than BARI spinach 1.
Salt stress has a large impact on controlling the plant growth and development. The present study was conducted to examine the role of salicylic acid on alleviation of salt stress in wheat. In this experiment, the treatment consisted of four different salinity levels viz. S0 = without salt (control), S1 = 2.8 g NaCl kg -1 soil ≈ 3-4 dSm -1 , S2 = 6.0 g NaCl kg -1 soil ≈ 7-8 dSm -1 , S3 = 9.0 g NaCl kg -1 soil ≈ 11-12 dSm -1 and three different levels of salicylic acid (SA) viz. A0 = 0 mmol, A1= 0.2 mmol and A2 = 0.4 mmol. It was done by using two factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The total treatment combinations were 12 (4x3). Results of the experiment showed a significant dissimilarity among the treatments in respect of the major parameters. Yield of wheat were exaggerated by different levels of salinity. The higher levels of salinity showed greater reduction of yield. The highest grain yields (1.55 tha -1 ) were recorded at S0A2 (Without Salt+0.4 mmol salicylic acid) treatment combination which did not show any difference with S0A0 (Without Salt+Without SA) and S0A1 (Without Salt+0.2 mmol SA). But the grain yield was gradually decreased with the increasing level of salinity. The application of salicylic acid increased the grain yield differently according to the levels of salinity. The minimum grain yields were found 1.14 t ha -1 , 1.07 tha -1 and 0.26 t ha -1 at 3-4 dSm -1 , 7-8 dSm -1 and 11-12 dSm -1 NaCl respectively. These yields were increased with SA (0.4 mmol) from 1.14 to 1.32 tha -1 , 1.07 to 1.14 tha -1 and 0.26 to 0.31 tha -1 at 3-4 dSm -1 , 7-8 dSm -1 and 11-12 dSm -1 NaCl respectively. These results suggest that salicylic acid can alleviate the detrimental impacts of salinity and increase the grain yield of wheat.
Five treatments viz. BAU-Biofungicide (Trichoderma spp.) as side dressing and seed coating, nematicide (Carbofuran 10G) and allamanda leaf extract as side dressing along with a control were tested against root-knot of Indian spinach caused by Meloidogyne incognita. The findings of the study revealed that the number of galls and the number of egg masses in the roots were significantly reduced by the application of all the treatments over control. However, chemical carbofuran 10G gave superior result as it had increased shoot and root length, fresh weight of shoot and root as well as number of leaf per plant correspondingly with the lowest galling incidence and egg mass development in Indian Spinach. The interaction effects of the treatments and the varieties, the BARI Indian Spinach 1 as side dressing with carbofuran (V 1 T 3) gave the highest performances on the plant growth characters and reduction of galls and egg masses development by 95.65% and 96.33% over control as compared to the local variety (69.55% and 64.31%). Whereas, BAU-biofungicide (V 1 T 2) also showed considerable effect to increase the plant growth parameters in correspondence with the reducing of gall incidence and egg masses by 79.74% and 77.78% over control in BARI Indian Spinach 1 as compared to the local variety (67.83% and 49.95%).
The aim of this study was to find out the gynecological & psychological morbidities after hysterectomy operation due to different types of gynecological diseases in admitted patients of Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical collage & Hospital, a rural tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. In this retrospective observational study total 190 gynecological patients were evaluated in 4 years who were admitted either from OPD or through emergency. Most of the patients were operated due to uterine fibroid, DUB, chronic cervicitis, CIN, PID with chronic pelvic pain, genital prolapse, cervical carcinoma, ovarian tumor etc. After a period of hysterectomy operation those patients were suffered from chronic pelvic pain 3%, vaginal discharge 2%, dyspareunia 1%, vault prolapse .5%, early appearance of post menopausal syndrome 13% & some psychological complaints like anxiety disorders 5% & depressive illness 2%. Those patients were observed in OPD of KYAMCH during followed up.KYAMC Journal Vol. 4, No.-1, July 2013, Page 348-352
Background: Post tubal ligation syndrome has been a topic of debate and the association of Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) has been identified as a long-term complication. In refractory cases, hysterectomy can be considered a treatment option for managing the post-ligation syndrome due to prolonged menstrual complaints. But very few studies summarize the fact in our country's context. Considering of epidemiological data, the study was designed to assess the incidence of hysterectomy for DUB with post-tubal ligation. Methods: The hospital-based cross-sectional type of descriptive study was conducted in the inpatient Department of Gynae & Obst in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH), From January 2019 to July 2019. Women suffering from DUB and having a history of post tubal ligation were included in the study. After selecting the patients, informed written consent was taken from the subjects. All patients were subjected to a detailed history, clinical examination, and relevant investigation. In necessary cases, hysterectomy was done as a treatment option. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire designed for the study by the researcher. Data analysis and presentation were made by statistical software SPSS 23. Results: Total 100 patients with DUB were included in this study. The mean age was 40.9±6.28 SD (years), range: 25-54 years. The majority of patients (52%) belonged to the age group (41 – 50 years). About 59% came from rural areas. The mean parity was 3.43±1.34. The incidence of hysterectomy among DUB patients with a previous history of tubal ligation was 25%. The mean duration of tubal ligation was 13.4±6.3 years. The usual presentation per vaginal bleeding pattern at presentation was menorrhagia (47%), followed in second and third by metrorrhagia (20%) and postmenopausal bleeding (17%). Besides, 78% of patients also complained of tiredness, and 12% complained of pelvic pain. And Mean duration of symptoms was 13.44 months. Conclusion: About one-fourth of the tubal ligation patients underwent a hysterectomy in their subsequent life, and usually presented with menorrhagia. However, further studies are needed to finalize the incidence rate.
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