BACKGROUND: The impact of treating electrographic seizures in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is unknown. METHODS:Neonates $36 weeks with moderate or severe HIE were randomly assigned to either treatment of electrographic seizures alone (ESG) or treatment of clinical seizures (CSG). Conventional EEG video was monitored in both groups for up to 96 hours. Cumulative electrographic seizure burden (SB) was calculated in seconds and converted to log units for analysis. MRI scans were scored for severity of brain injury. Infants underwent neurodevelopmental evaluation at 18 to 24 months. Statistical analyses were performed by using SAS 9.3 version (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC).RESULTS: Thirty-five of 69 neonates (51%) who were randomly assigned and included in the study developed seizures (15 in ESG and 20 in CSG). Excluding infants with status epilepticus, median SB (interquartile range) in seconds in ESG (n = 10) was lower than in CSG (n = 16) (449 [113-2070] vs 2226 [760-7654]; P = .02). ESG had fewer seizures with shorter time to treatment (P = .04). Twenty-four of 30 (80%) surviving infants with seizures underwent neurodevelopmental evaluation at 18 to 24 months. Increasing SB in the combined cohort was significantly associated with higher brain injury scores (P , .03) and lower performance scores across all 3 domains on BSID III (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS:In neonates with HIE, EEG monitoring and treatment of electrographic seizures results in significant reduction in SB. SB is associated with more severe brain injury and significantly lower performance scores across all domains on BSID III. WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Continuous conventional EEG video is currently gold standard for identifying neonatal seizures and a substantial proportion of neonatal seizures are electrographic. Currently there is no direct evidence that EEG monitoring, seizure identification, or treatment impacts long-term outcomes. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:In neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, EEG monitoring and treatment of electrographic seizures results in significant reduction in seizure burden. Increasing seizure burden is associated with more severe brain injury and significantly lower performance scores on Bayley Scales of Infant Development III.

Objective To evaluate the safety and short-term outcomes of preterm neonates born at 34–35 weeks gestation with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Study design Medical records of preterm neonates born at 34–35 weeks gestational age with HIE treated with therapeutic hypothermia were retrospectively reviewed. Short-term safety outcomes and the presence, severity (mild, moderate, severe) and patterns of brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reviewed using a standard scoring system, and compared with a cohort of term neonates with HIE treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Results Thirty-one preterm and 32 term neonates were identified. Therapeutic hypothermia-associated complications were seen in 90% of preterm infants and 81.3% of term infants (p=0.30). In the preterm infants, hyperglycemia (58.1% vs.31.3%, p=0.03) and rewarming before completion of therapeutic hypothermia (19.4% vs. 0.0%, p=0.009) were more likely compared with term infants. All deaths occurred in the preterm group (12.9% vs. 0%, p=0.04). Neuroimaging showed the presence of injury in 80.6% of preterm infants and 59.4% of term infants (p=0.07), with no differences in injury severity. Injury to the white matter was more prevalent in preterm infants compared with term infants (66.7% vs. 25.0%, p=0.001). Conclusions Therapeutic hypothermia in infants born at 34–35 weeks gestational age appears feasible. Risks of mortality and side effects warrant caution with use of therapeutic hypothermia in preterm infants.

Background Deep nuclear gray matter injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We previously published a qualitative MRI injury scoring system utilizing serial T1-weighted, T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), weighted for deep nuclear gray matter injury. Objectives To establish the validity of the MRI scoring system with neurodevelopmental outcome at 18–24 months. Materials and methods MRI scans from neonates with moderate to severe HIE treated with therapeutic hypothermia were evaluated. Signal abnormality was scored on T1-weighted, T2-weighted and DWI sequences and assessed using an established system in five regions: (a) subcortical: caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and putamen, thalamus and the posterior limb of the internal capsule; (b) white matter; (c) cortex,(d) cerebellum and (e) brainstem. MRI injury was graded as none, mild, moderate or severe. Inter-rater reliability was tested on a subset of scans by two independent and blinded neuroradiologists. Surviving infants underwent the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (Bayley-III) at 18–24 months. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate linear and logistic regression. Results Fifty-seven eligible neonates underwent at least one MRI scan in the first 2 weeks of life. Mean postnatal age at scan 1 was 4±2 days in 50/57 (88%) neonates and 48/54 (89%) surviving infants underwent scan 2 at 10±2 days. In 54/57 (95%) survivors, higher MRI injury grades were significantly associated with worse outcomes in the cognitive, motor and language domains of the Bayley-III. Conclusion A qualitative MRI injury scoring system weighted for deep nuclear gray matter injury is a significant predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome at 18–24 months in neonates with HIE.

BackgroundAutoregulatory dysfunction is an important contributor to brain injury in premature infants, particularly intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). The autoregulatory system acts as a filter that dampens the systemic blood flow to follow a normal cerebral perfusion profile.MethodsSimultaneous arterial blood pressure and cerebral near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data were collected from infants born before 28 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA). The resulting data were preprocessed and then divided into non-overlapping 20-minute epochs. The transfer function estimate was calculated to determine dampening ability.Results62 infants were prospectively recruited with a mean EGA of 25.4 ± 1.3 weeks and birth weight of 832 ± 199g. 67% were male, 24/62 had IVH, 17/62 received dopamine, 47/62 had antenatal steroid exposure, and 22/62 received fentanyl.Advancing EGA and birth weight z-score predicted stronger dampening while African-American race and IVH of any grade predicted weaker dampening.ConclusionThis preliminary report suggests an impairment in dampening ability associated with immaturity, decreased birth weight z-score and African-American race. Decreased dampening is also associated with IVH, although these results cannot distinguish between decreased dampening as an antecedent or sequela of IVH. These observations should be studied in a larger sample.

Objective Due to a rise in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, stage ≥2) among very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight <1500g) infants from 4% in 2005-6 to 10% in 2007-8, we developed and implemented quality improvement (QI) initiatives. The objective was to evaluate the impact of QI initiatives on NEC incidence in VLBW infants. Study Design In September 2009 we developed a NEC QI multidisciplinary team that conducted literature reviews and reviewed practices from other institutions to develop a feeding protocol, which was implemented in December 2009. The team tracked intervention compliance and occurrence of NEC stage ≥2. In May 2010 we reviewed our nasogastric tube practice and relevant literature to develop a second intervention that reduced nasogastric tube indwelling time. The infants were divided into three groups: baseline (Jan 2008-Nov 2009, n219), QI phase 1 (Dec 2009-May 2010, n62), and QI phase 2 (June 2010-Nov 2011, n170). Result The NEC incidence did not decrease after implementation of the feeding protocol in QI phase 1 (19.4%), but did decline significantly after changing nasogastric tube management in QI phase 2 (2.9%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between QI phase and the incidence of NEC. Conclusion QI initiatives were effective in decreasing NEC incidence in our high human milk-feeding NICU. Nasogastric tube bacterial contamination may have contributed to our peak in NEC incidence.