We are of considered opinion that conservative strategy is a feasible option in selected cases of advanced abdominal pregnancy yet there is a need of standardization of treatment principles for such cases to optimize fetomaternal outcome.
Hyperprolactinemia occurs in 15-20 % of women with menstrual disturbances and 30-40 % of infertile women and it can adversely affect the fertility. High molecular weight prolactin (macroprolactin) has long been known in hyperprolactinemic fertile women. However, the prevalence of macroprolactinemia in hyperprolactinemic infertile women is not known. This cross-sectional study was carried out during the period of June 2010 and June 2011 at a single tertiary care centre. All women who attended the infertility clinic during this period were screened for hyperprolactinemia and only women with hyperprolactinemia and infertility were further studied for the presence of macroprolactin by polyethylene glycol precipitation assay. We compared the clinical, hormonal profile and fertility outcome of infertile women with true hyperprolactinemia and macroprolacinemia using appropriate statistical tests. Of 1,163 infertile women, 183 (15.7 %) had hyperprolactinemia [134 (73 %) had primary infertility and 49 (27 %) had secondary infertility]. Out of these 183 women with hyperprolactinemia, one had microadenoma, 161 had true idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and 21 (11.5 %) women had macroprolactinemia. The prevalence of oligomenorrhea and galactorrhea were significantly higher in patients with true hyperprolactinemia than macroprolactinemia (46 vs. 14 %, p < 0.008 and 30 vs. 5 %, p = 0.01 respectively). Twenty-two patients (13.5 %) of true hyperprolactinemia and two (9 %) in macroprolactinemia became pregnant during the study period. Prolactin measurement should be a part of routine evaluation of couples referred to infertility clinics. Macroprolactin screening is mandatory when clinical features and serum PRL assay results are conflicting. Patients with macroprolactinemia should be investigated for causes of infertility other than hyperprolactinemia.
The risk factors, clinical trends, and maternal and fetal health of early-and late-onset preeclampsia have not been adequately studied. We examined the effects of early-and late-onset preeclampsia on maternal and perinatal outcomes as well as the known risk factors of preeclampsia. Methods One hundred and fifty women with preeclampsia were consecutively enrolled in each group. Those who developed preeclampsia before 34 weeks of gestation were identified as having early-onset preeclampsia, while those who developed at 34 weeks or later were identified as having late-onset preeclampsia. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared between groups. Results Compared with the late-onset group, the early-onset group had higher rates of abruptio placentae (16% vs. 7.3%; P=0.019), but there was no intergroup difference in the composite maternal outcomes. A significantly higher number of women with early-onset preeclampsia developed severe features during the disease course, and most required treatment with antihypertensive drugs. Late-onset preeclampsia was more prevalent among primigravid mothers. Babies born to mothers with early-onset preeclampsia had a significantly higher rate of adverse outcomes. Conclusion These study findings indicate that women with early-onset preeclampsia had more adverse outcome than those with late-onset preeclampsia, but the difference was not statistically significant. There were more babies with adverse perinatal outcomes in the early-than late-onset group.
Objective: To compare the different polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) phenotypes based on their clinical, metabolic, hormonal profile, and their differential response to clomiphene. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Infertility clinic, a government hospital. Sample Size: 164 women with PCOS-related infertility. Materials and Methods: Sample population was divided into four phenotypes based on the NIH (National Institute of Health) consensus panel criteria. The incremental dose of clomiphene from 50 to 150 mg/day over three cycles was given. Outcome Measures: Clinical history, metabolic, hormonal profile, and ultrasound features of each phenotype. Also, the response to clomiphene citrate was studied as presence or absence of ovulation. Results: The prevalence of phenotypes A, B, C, and D were 67.7%, 11%, 17.7%, and 3.6%, respectively. Phenotype A had significantly higher weight, body mass index, clinical, and biochemical hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, ovarian reserve parameters, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and more deranged lipid profile ( P < 0.05). Clomiphene resistance was significantly more common in phenotype A ( P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted in the waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, blood pressure and blood sugar values (fasting, 1-hour postprandial, 2-hour postprandial). Also, the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), LH-FSH ratio, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and vitamin D levels were not significantly different among various PCOS phenotypes. Conclusion: Full-blown PCOS (phenotype A) is at a higher risk of adverse metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes as compared with the others, and phenotype D is the least severe phenotype. Thus, the phenotypic division of patients with PCOS-related infertility can help in prognosticating the patients about the severity of the disease and the fertility outcome.
Background:Midtrimester surgical abortions often result in retained intrauterine fetal bones and consequent secondary infertility.Aim:To study the incidence of women presenting with retained intrauterine bones as a cause of secondary infertility in a tertiary level Indian hospital and pregnancy rates following retrieval of these fragments.Setting and Design:Retrospective data analysis in the infertility clinic of PGIMER (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research), a tertiary level hospital of Northern India.Materials and Methods:Women diagnosed with retained intrauterine bony fragments were subjected to hysteroscopic removal of these fragments. Incidentally diagnosed retained bones on hysteroscopy were also removed. Such women were followed for spontaneous resumption of fertility or were subjected to ovulation induction, and pregnancy rates were noted.Results:Retained fetal bones accounted for 0.28% of all women with infertility and 12% (22/144) of all the uterine causes of infertility requiring an operative hysteroscopic procedure for treatment. Only 5 (27.7%) of 18 women conceived after the hysteroscopic retrieval of bony fragments: three had full-term vaginal deliveries, one had a midtrimester abortion, and one woman is in her third trimester.Conclusion:Despite surgical retrieval, fertility rates may be lower due to inflammatory damage to the endometrium.
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