The present study deals with the investigation of the morphometric traits including morphometric lengths and length-length relationships (LLRs) of the dark evening brown butterfly, Melanitis phedima (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Butterflies were sampled randomly from the Rajshahi University campus, Bangladesh. The pictures of butterflies were taken with a DSLR camera (Canon 750D), and a total of 14 different morphometric lengths from the body, antenna, wings (6 parameters), legs (2 parameters) and wing venation (4 parameters) were measured using ImageJ software (1.52a). The minimum and maximum body length (BL) were recorded at 19.15 mm and 24.85 mm from M. phedima respectively, whereas the mean body length was 22.02±1.45 mm. This study found FL (Foreleg) as the short trait at 12.90 mm, while FWBA (Forewing Base-Apex) was the long trait at 45.86 mm. The length of FWBA was 88.75% longer than BL and HWAT (Hindwing Apex-Tornus) was 40.25% longer. On the other hand, lengths of antennae length (AL), total foreleg (TFL) and total hindleg (THL) were shorter compared to BL. According to the coefficient of determination (r 2 ), all values were 0.75 which indicates the positive relationship between BL and selected 13 traits and the best-fitted model of LLRs was BL vs. HWBA (Hindwing Base-Apex) among these equations (r 2 = 0.89). The allometric coefficient 'b' indicated the isometric growth for BL vs. HWBT and BL vs. HWAT, and negative allometric growth for BL vs. FWBA (b < 1), and the rest 10 traits showed positive allometric growth (b > 1). The results would be very effective for the study of butterfly taxonomy as a great tool in species and subspecies identification.
The aim of this research was to assess the soil quality parameters in relationship with two fish killer chemicals, aluminium phosphide (AlP) and rotenone in some selected fish ponds at Taherpur Municipality under Bagmara Upazila of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh from July 2018 to December 2018. AlP and rotenone are frequently used in the water of the study area to remove all kinds of fish species to prepare a pond before start-up. At this time, a total of 10 different soil quality parameters viz., pH, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) were examined against the fish killer chemical with control. Analyzing the results obtained, only mean values of pH (7.22±0.31) and Mg (1.46±0.18 meq/100 g) were increased in case of application of AlP compared to the control, and the mean values of the other eight properties were decreased. The mean values of pH, OM, TN, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Zn and Fe were 7.02±033, 1.27±0.13, 0.07±0.01%, 1.05±0.22 meq/100 g, 7.70±0.54 meq/100 g, 1.64±0.17 meq/100 g, 55.89±4.89 µg/g, 127.44±26.15 µg/g, 1.66±0.32 µg/g and 135.96±9.67 µg/g respectively after rotenone application which were higher than control values except for TN. These results suggested that the application of rotenone was suitable for use in fish ponds instead of the AlP. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that only potassium and iron showed significant differences in respect of control and treatments (AlP and rotenone) at the level of p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively. According to Pearson correlation (r 2 ) values, the strong positive correlation was exposed the relationships between control and AlP such as S (r = 0.988), K (r = 0.986), Fe (r = 0.969), pH (r = 0.951), Mg (r = 0.883), Zn (r = 0.839) and P (r = 0.839). On the other hand, K (r = 0.999), S (r = 0.996), P (r = 0.967), Fe (r = 0.963), pH (r = 0.959), Zn (r = 0.869), TN (r = 0.848), Mg (r = 0.846) and OM (r = 0.813) showed the highly positive relationships between control and rotenone. The present investigation proposes future research on effects on the fish production and the total environmental impacts of ponds as well as surrounding areas concerning AlP and rotenone.
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