The aim of the current review was to explore the association between various dietary antioxidants and the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched up to March 2021. Prospective, observational cohort studies, nested case-control, and case-control designs that investigated the association between antioxidants and PD risk were included. A random-effects model was used to pool the relative risks (RR). The certainty of the evidence was rated using the GRADE scoring system. In addition, a dose-response relationship was examined between antioxidant intake and PD risk. Six prospective cohort studies and two nested case-control (total n = 448,737 with 4654 cases), as well as six case-control studies (1948 controls, 1273 cases) were eligible. The pooled RR was significantly lower for the highest compared to the lowest intake categories of vitamin E (0.84, 95% CI 0.71, 0.99, n = 7), and anthocyanins (0.76, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.96, n = 2) in cohort studies. Conversely, a significantly higher risk of PD was observed for higher lutein intake (1.86, 95% CI: 1.20, 2.88, n = 3) among case-control studies. Dose-response meta-analyses indicated a significant association between a 50 mg/d increase in vitamin C (RR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.99, n = 6), a 5 mg/d increment in vitamin E (RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.99, n = 7), a 2 mg/d increment in β-Carotene (RR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99, n = 6), and a 1 mg/d increment in zinc (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.86; n = 1) and the reduced risk of PD. Overall, higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods may be associated with a lower risk of PD. Future, well-designed prospective studies are needed to validate the present findings.
Despite a large body of literature on the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and various chronic diseases, limited knowledge is available regarding the association between DII and migraine. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between the DII and migraine characteristics, including duration, frequency, and severity of migraine headaches, Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), and serum levels of nitric oxide (NO). This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2019 to June 2020 among 262 patients (38 men and 224 women; 20–50 years). A 168-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was gathered to evaluate dietary intake, and subsequently, an energy-adjusted DII score was calculated. After controlling for potential confounders, an increase of 3.48 in headache frequency was observed when the DII score increased from − 4.04 to − 1.83 (β = 3.48; 95% CI 1.43, 5.54). In the crude model, headache duration tended to be inversely associated with DII in the subjects with the pro-inflammatory diet compared to those with the anti-inflammatory diet (β = − 0.22; 95% CI − 0.46, 0.02). After adjustment for confounders, those with the highest DII values were at a higher risk of severe headaches than those with the lowest values (OR = 2.25; 95% CI 1.17, 4.32). No other significant results were found in terms of the association between DII and HIT-6 or serum NO levels. We found evidence suggesting that higher adherence to a diet with anti-inflammatory properties was significantly and inversely related to headache frequency. Furthermore, our results suggest that the DII score is substantially related to migraine severity.
Background: Dietary intake of isoflavones has been positively associated with risk of breast cancer (BC) in some earlier studies. In addition, most studies on diet-disease associations came from western countries and limited data are available in the Middle-East.Methods: This case-control study was performed on 350 women with breast cancer aged over 30 years old who were recruited from hospitals or private clinics in Isfahan, Iran. All patients were diagnosed with BC during the maximum of the last 6 months using physical examination and mammography findings. Using cluster method sampling, 700 apparently healthy age-and socioeconomic status-matched controls were randomly selected from healthy women who had no relationship with BC patients and had no familial history of BC. Data on dietary intakes were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The DPI was calculated based on dietary energy derived from foods rich in phytochemicals (kcal) divided by total daily energy intake (kcal) of each participant.Results: Mean ± SD age and BMI in the study participants were 62.4±10.8 y and 24.3±5.2 kg/m 2 , respectively. In the crude model, participants in the highest quartile of DPI had 63% lower odds of breast cancer compared to those in the lowest quartile (95% CI: 0.26, 0.54; P-trend <0.001).After adjustment for potential confounders, this inverse association became strengthened (95% CI: 0.22, 0.49; P-trend <0.001). Further adjustment for BMI did not change the association (OR for the highest quartile vs. the lowest quartile = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.60; P-trend <0.001). Conclusion:In conclusion, a protective association was observed between DPI and BC in this case-control study. Therefore, high consumption of foods rich in phytochemicals such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains might help reducing the odds of BC among women.
Studies on the association between serum magnesium level and prediabetes yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, the present meta-analysis was designed to examine the association between serum magnesium levels and prediabetes. Online databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched up to October, 2020. A total of 10 studies that reported mean and standard deviation (SD) of magnesium levels in prediabetes and healthy control group were identified. Random effects models were used to pool weighted mean differences (WMDs) of serum magnesium levels. Pooled-analysis showed that subjects with prediabetes had significantly lower serum magnesium levels compared with healthy controls (WMD = − 0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI − 0.09, − 0.05 mmol/L, P < 0.001). A significant heterogeneity observed across included studies (I2 = 95.6%, P < 0.001). However, different subgroup analysis did not detect the potential source of observed heterogeneity. Withdrawal of each individual study had no effect on the overall results. The present meta-analysis showed that circulating magnesium levels in people with prediabetes were significantly lower than healthy controls, confirming that magnesium deficiency may play a role in development and progression of prediabetes. Further studies with larger sample size and robust design are warranted to confirm present results.
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