Our results suggested that isolated tumor cells are derived from undifferentiated cancer cells or small clusters ("budding") at the invasive front. Thus, tumor budding may be used as an indicator of isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes with node-negative colorectal cancers.
A concise synthesis of 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes via sequential oxidative Mannich reactions is described. This approach involves an intermolecular oxidative Mannich coupling reaction between N-aryl pyrrolidines with TMS enol ether and a subsequent intramolecular oxidative Mannich cyclization of the corresponding silyl enol ether. DDQ is used as a key oxidant for both reactions.
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