As concerns about the health effects of particulate matter (PM) are growing, controlling indoor PM has become vital for ensuring occupants’ health. Active strategies, such as air purification and high-performance filtering, are widely implemented to control indoor PM. However, passive strategies, including air-tightness and compartmentalization, are promising alternatives, as demonstrated by recent studies. To enhance the implementation of passive strategies, an appropriate evaluation method for passive designs must be established. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a multi-zone-based method is suitable for the evaluation of passive strategies. Multi-zone simulations were performed for four seasons, and indoor/outdoor concentration (I/O) ratios were obtained for the exterior, interior, and corridor on every floor of the reference building. The I/O ratios at different locations indicated that the outdoor particle transport in the building was accurately estimated according to the airflow rate and path. Moreover, in addition to the effects of changes in the outdoor temperature on PM transport through the building envelope, the particle size is a significant factor affecting indoor PM concentrations. The results of this study indicated that the multi-zone method can effectively estimate the number of outdoor particles that penetrate the building envelope in different seasons and the indoor particle concentration at different indoor locations.
Renewable energy system (RES) is an environmentally friendly source of energy. A suitable design of RES is crucial to implement an energy-efficient building such as a zero energy building (ZEB). The significance of appropriate decision-making for the successful implementation of energy-efficient buildings has been increasing. In addition, the identification of the sizing of RES is equally important for architects or HVAC engineers. In this study, a novel sizing method for a single U-tube ground heat exchanger (GHE) is proposed. A transient thermal analysis for a single GHE is performed by considering ground temperature recovery effect as well as other major design parameters. The results are used to design the proposed sizing method and were verified by transient simulations for different design cases. Additionally, it was observed that the coefficient of variation of root mean square error (CV(RMSE)) for all ten design cases was lower than 15% during the heating and cooling seasons. Thus, the proposed design method can be used for sizing a GHE in the early design stage.
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