The aim of this study was to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains gathered from 2002 to 2006 from milk samples in Aydin region in Turkey. Among 93 S. aureus strains isolated from bovine milk with mastitis, 16 were resistant to methicillin. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were studied further for their staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, pulsotypes, spa and MLST types, antimicrobial susceptibilities, mechanisms of resistance and presence of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) toxin gene. The MRSA strains were multi-drug resistant. The susceptibility rates to antimicrobials tested were 0%, 0%, 0%, 0%, 6.25%, 16.25% and 56.25% for erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracyclin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin, respectively. All tetracycline and gentamicin resistant strains carried tet(M) and aac(6)-aph(2) gene, respectively. Among macrolide-resistant isolates, nine had erm(A), and seven had both erm(A) and erm(B) genes. The molecular characterization by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed presence of three pulsotypes with their variants. The pulsotype B strains were type IV with SCCmec typing, and representative of pulsotype B was t190 by spa typing and ST8 by MLST typing. The strains with pulsotype A and C were SCCmec III, and representative of these pulsotypes was t030 by spa typing. The MLST type of pulsotype A was ST239 and pulsotype C was one allele variant of ST239. None of the isolates harboured the PVL gene. Presence of hospital-related MRSA strains may indicate transmission of these strains between human and animals. In case of clonal spread beside the infected animals' treatment of MRSA carrier, farm workers should also be considered. Hygienic measures and rational antibiotic use may avoid resistance selection, clonal dissemination of resistant strains and decrease losses because of mastitis in dairy herds.
The present study describes the pathological and bacteriological findings and diagnosis by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) naturally infected with Salmonella gallinarum obtained from three commercial budgerigar rearing farms. The course of the disease in young budgerigars was peracute or acute, whereas in adult budgerigars the disease was acute or chronic. Clinically, yellowÁwhite diarrhoea was observed in the young budgerigars with the acute form. In the adult budgerigars with the acute and chronic forms, a decrease in feed and water consumption with loss in body condition together with greenish-yellow diarrhoea was generally noted. Peritonitis and pericarditis were the most common findings in young budgerigars at necropsy, while in adult budgerigars scattered greyÁwhite necrotic foci were found in the livers. Histopathologically, the lesions in young budgerigars were characterized with fibrinonecrotic peritonitis and/or pericarditis and necrotic hepatitis. In adult budgerigars with acute infection, hepatic necrosis with focal heterophil infiltration was present; whilst lesions in the chronic cases were granulomatous in nature with the infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes and histiocytes. For the detection of S. Gallinarum in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, the avidinÁbiotin peroxidase complex and immunofluorescence methods were used. Both methods showed bacteria to be localized in the liver, kidney, peritoneum, heart, spleen and intestines of both young and adult budgerigars. The results of the present study indicate that the avidinÁbiotin peroxidase complex method was more sensitive than the immunofluorescence method in the detection of the bacteria.
Amaç: Bartonella türleri insanlarda kedi tırmığı hastalığı, basiller anjiomatozis, basiller peliozis, Carrion hastalığı, enfektif endokardit ve siper ateşi gibi pek çok hastalığa yol açmaktadır. Türkiye'de Bartonella'lara bağlı kedi tırmığı hastalığı ve basiller anjiomatozis olgu sunuları bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin batısında, kedi/kopek sahibi riskli insan, kedi ve köpeklerdeki Bartonella henselae seropozitivitesinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmaya, 34'ü ev, 97'si sokak olmak üzere toplam 131 kedi/köpek sahibi ve 57'si ev kedisi, 48'i barınak kedisi olmak üzere toplam 105 kedi ile 45 ev köpeğinin serum örnekleri alınmıştır. Serum örneklerinde B. henselae IgG antikorları iki ticari kit kullanılarak immunfluoresan antikor yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: B. henselae seropozitifliği, ev kedi/köpek sahiplerinde sokak kedi/köpek sahiplerine göre (sırasıyla %26,5 ve %6,8). Seropozitiflik, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı Objective: Bartonella species cause several diseases in humans such as cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, endocarditis, Carrion disease and trench fever. There have been cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis cases reports in Turkey. The aim of this study is to determine the seropositivity against Bartonella henselae in cat/dog owners who are in the risk group, cats and dogs in Western Aegean region, Turkey. MaterialsandMethods:In this study, B. henselae immunoglobulin (Ig) G positivity was investigated in a total of 281 samples including a total of 131 people, 34 of whom are pet cat/dog owners and 97 of whom are stray cat/dog owners; as well as a total of 105 cats, of which 57 pet cats, 48 shelter cats, and 45 pet dogs. Sera tested for the presence of antibodies against B. henselae IgG using immunofluorescence assay with two commercial kits. Results: B. henselae seropositivity of pet owners was significantly higher than the stray cat/dog owners (26.5% vs 6.8%). B. henselae IgG was found positive in 36.2% of total cats, 22.8% of pet cats, 52.1% of shelter cats. B. henselae seropositivity was found statistically higher in shelter cats than pet cats. No positivity was detected in the samples taken from the dogs. Conclusion: It is concluded that being pet owner at home poses a risk for B. henselae. For the differential diagnosis, especially in patients in close contact with cats, B. henselae infection should be considered.
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