ÖZETAmaç: Tip 2 diyabetes mellituslu (tip 2 DM) hastalarda noktürnal kan basıncındaki (NKB) düşüş normalden daha azdır. L-karnitin eksikliği tip 2 DM olgularında hiperglisemi, insülin direnci ve endotel disfonksiyonuna yol açarak NKB değişikliklerine neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada; tip 2 DM'li "dipper" ve "non-dipper" olgularda L-karnitin düzeyinde farklılık olup olmadığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Bu bir enine-kesitli gözlemsel kohort çalışmasıdır. Çalışmada tip 2 DM'li 50 (33 kadın, 17 erkek) olguyu ve kontrol grubu olarak sağ-lıklı 35 (18 kadın, 17 erkek) kişiyi karşılaştırdık. Tüm olgularda ambulatuvar kan basıncı izlemi (ABPM) yapıldı ve L-karnitin ölçüldü. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde iki ortalama arasındaki farkın önemlilik testi, Ki-kare testi, Mann-Whitney U testi ve Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Tip 2 DM'lerin %72'sinde "non-dipper" örnek saptadık. Tip 2 DM'lerde L-karnitin düzeyi (52.77±12.34 μmol/L) kontrol grubuna göre (79.18±10.59 μmol/L) istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede düşük saptandı (p<0.05). "Non-dipper" olgularda L-karnitin düzeyleri (50.02±16.30 μmol/L) "dipper" olgulara (53.83±10.50 μmol/L) göre daha düşüktü, ancak bu farklılık anlamlı değildi (p=0.125). Sonuç: Tip 2 DM' lu hastalarda "non-dipper" örnek sık görülmektedir. "Non-dipper" örnek hedef organ hasarı ile ilişkilidir. Bu yüzden ABPM ile saptanacak olan "non-dipper" örnek çok önemlidir. Hasta grubunda L-karnitin düzeyleri düşük saptanmıştır. Tip 2 DM'li "non-dipper" olgularda L-karnitin, "dipper" olgulara göre daha düşük saptanmıştır. Bu farklılık istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmamakla birlikte, tip 2 DM'li olgularda "nondipper" sıklığı ve L-karnitin ile ilişkisini araştıracak daha geniş ölçekli ve detaylı araştırmalara gereksinim olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. (Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2011 1: 57-63) Anahtar kelimeler: Tip 2 diyabetes mellitus, L-karnitin, noktürnal kan basıncı, "non-dipper" örnek ABSTRACT Objective: The nocturnal blood pressure (NBP) reduction is less than normal in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). L-carnitine deficiency may cause changes of NBP by leading to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type-2 DM. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there is a difference in levels of L-carnitine in dipper and nondippers patients with type 2 DM. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational cohort study. We compared the 50 (33 females, 17 males) patients with type 2 DM and the 35 healthy persons (18 females, 17 males) as a control group. In all cases, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed and L-carnitine was measured. The independent samples t test, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation analysis were used in the statistical evaluation of data. Results: We found that the percentage of nondipper pattern was 72% in patients with type 2 DM. L-carnitine levels were lower in patients with type 2 DM (52.77±12.34 μmol/L) than those of control group (79.18±10.59 μmol/L...
BackgroundLower respiratory tract infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa have a high mortality rate. Antibacterial activity of various antibiotics against P. aeruginosa isolated from each hospital depends on the variety or amount of antibiotics used in each hospital.MethodA total of 249 respiratory isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Sivas (Turkey) were included between January-1999 and January-2002. Isolates were tested against 14 different antibiotics by a disc diffusion method or standardized microdilution technique.ResultsOrganisms were cultured from the following specimens: sputum (31.3%), transtracheal/endotracheal aspirates (37.8%), and bronchial lavage (30.9%). Isolates in bronchial lavage were highly susceptible to cefoperazone and aminoglycosides. Resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam was 98.8%, ticarcillin 40.1%, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid 11.2%, piperacillin 21.8%, aztreonam 66.6%, cefotaxim 75.4%, ceftriaxone 84.2%, cefoperazone 39.0%, ceftazidime 50.8%, gentamicin 57.5%, tobramycin 58.4%, amikacin 25.4%, ciprofloxacin 16.1%, and imipenem/cilastatin 21.6%. The term multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa covered resistance to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, and piperacillin. 1.2% of isolates were multidrug-resistant.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that amikacin resistance increases progressively in Turkey. Piperacillin and ticarcillin/clavulanate were the most active agents against both imipenem- and ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates in our region.
OBJECTIVE: The rate of reduction of nocturnal blood pressure (NBP) is lesser than normal in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHC) disrupts vascular structure and function, no matter the underlying causes. The risk of development of vascular disease is greater in diabetic patients with hyperhomocysteinemia than in patients with normal homocystein levels. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there are differences of homocystein levels in dipper and non-dippers patients with type 2 DM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We compared 50 patients (33 females, 17 males) with type 2 DM and 35 healthy individuals (18 females, 17 males ) in a control group. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed and homocysteine levels were measured in all patients. RESULTS: We found that the percentage of non-dipper pattern was 72% in patients with type 2 DM and 57% in control group. In diabetic and control individuals, homocystein levels were higher in non-dipper (respectively 13.4 ± 8.1 µmol/L and 11.8 ± 5 µmol/L) than in dipper subjects (respectively, 11.8 ± 5.8 µmol/L and 10.1 ± 4.2 µmol/L), but there was no significant difference between the two groups (respectively, p = 0.545, p = 0.294). CONCLUSION: In both groups, homocystein levels were higher in non-dipper than in dipper participants, but there was no significant difference between the groups. High homocystein levels and the non-dipper pattern increases cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the relationship between nocturnal blood pressure changes and homocystein levels should be investigated in a larger study.
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