A sample of 855 rural adult inhabitants of Udmurtia was interviewed by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in order to investigate the incidence and prevalence of mood disorders. Depression affected 30.5% of the population according to ICD-10, and 22% according to DSM-III-R over a 12-month period. Depressive disorders were more common in women (40.5%) than in men (17.4%), and in subjects who were widowed (68.8%), divorced (55.6%) or had poor family relationships. Depression was not related to ethnicity, educational level, income or living conditions. Depression showed a high level of comorbidity with social phobia in Udmurts and with persistent somatoform pain disorder in Russian women. The annual incidence of depressive episode was 7.5%, and the highest risk of depression was among younger women and older men.
A sample of 855 rural adult inhabitants in Udmurtia was interviewed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 1:1 (CIDI) to investigate the incidence and prevalence of alcohol-related disorders. Harmful use of alcohol and alcohol dependence affected 37.1% of the population according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R in a lifetime period. The incidence of alcohol dependence in the previous year was 0.8% (1.4% in men, 0.4% in women). Alcohol-related disorders were more common in men (72.6%) than in women (10.3%). Correlates of alcohol dependence were sex (69.3% in men, 3.7% in women), lower education (40.1%) and being divorced in men (77.8%). Alcohol dependence had a high comorbidity with social phobia in Udmurt men and with depression in Russian men.
Prevalence of depression was substantial but consistent with other studies. Taking into consideration associated factors, physicians can improve recognition and treatment of depression in medical inpatients.
Factors associated with low self-esteem in non-depressive subjects increase the individual's vulnerability to depression (causal risk factors), and factors correlated to low self-esteem in depressive subjects make the current disorder more severe (pathoplastic risk factors). Using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Depression Scale we intended to explore correlates of low self-esteem in non-depressive and depressive subjects in a random sample of 1643 individuals attending community health centres in Central Finland. According to our study, self-esteem in non-depressive men was affected mainly by poor socioeconomic situation; in depressive men particularly low self-esteem was associated with negative family factors. Low self-esteem in non-depressive women was correlated to poor socioeconomic situation, poor health, and negative family factors. In depressive women self-esteem was affected by poor physical and poor mental health. Taking into consideration causal and pathoplastic risk factors, general practitioners can improve recognition of depression. By paying attention to pathoplastic factors, it is possible to improve detection of more severe forms of depression.
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