Propolis; bal arılarının bitkilerin farklı kısımlarından topladıkları reçineleri işleyerek kovanlarında depoladıkları viskoz yapışkan reçinemsi bir maddedir. Bu reçinemsi madde arıcılar tarafından farklı tekniklerle hasat edilerek ham propolis olarak endüstriye arz edilmektedir. Endüstrinin içeriği bilinen, belirli standartlarda propolis ürünleri üretebilmeleri adına bölgelerin propolislerinin balsam, toplam fenolik madde, kimyasal kompozisyon gibi kalite parametreleri açısından ortaya koyulması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Marmara bölgesi ve civarındaki bazı illerden elde edilen propolis örnekleri analiz edilerek belirli özellikleri aydınlatıldı. %70'lik etanol ile hazırlanan propolis ekstraktları analize tabi tutuldu. Etanolde çözünen kısım olarak tanımlanan balsam miktarı gravimetrik olarak tayin edildi. Toplam fenolik madde miktarı Folin-Ciocalteu yöntemine göre belirlendi. Ekstraktların kimyasal kompozisyonu Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometresi (GC-MS) metoduyla aydınlatıldı. Analiz edilen örneklerin balsam oranlarının %35 ile %72 arasında değiştiği tespit edildi. Ekstraktların toplam fenolik madde miktarının 28 ile 80 mg gallik asit eşdeğeri (GAE)/ mL aralığında olduğu belirlendi. GC-MS ile yapılan içerik analizinde, propolis ekstraktlarının uçucu bileşenler, fenolik asitler/flavonoidler, terpenik bileşikler, serbest yağ asitleri ve esterleri ve organik asitleri ihtiva ettiği görüldü. Örneklerin kimyasal bileşiminin kavak tipi propolis ile yüksek benzerlik gösterdiği görülmekle birlikte farklı bitkisel kaynaklardan bileşenleri de içerdikleri tespit edildi.
Honey is an important functional food for human health and nutrition that is collected by honey bees and stored in the honeycombs. In this study, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and volatile compounds of 13 different honey samples collected from various districts of Malatya province were investigated. As a result of this study, it was determined that the total phenolic content varied between 8.50 mg GAE 100 g<sup>–1</sup> and 73.90 mg GAE 100 g<sup>–1 </sup>and it was observed that the honey samples were rich in aldehydes, aliphatic acid and esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, carboxylic acid esters, ketones, terpenes, fatty acids and esters. In addition, the antibacterial effects of honey samples were determined against 18 different pathogenic bacteria using agar well diffusion (AWD) method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). In AWD assay, it was recorded that inhibition zone diameters varied between 9 mm and 14 mm and honey samples were found to have a partial inhibitory effect against selected target pathogens.
Honey, a natural healing agent and a sweet food, has been used since ancient times. A honey sample could possess many biological activities depending on its chemical composition. The amount and the diversity of these minor components of honey mainly depend on the floral sources. That is why the biological activity of the honey sample obtained in a region should be determined. In this study, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, melissopalynological analyses and antimicrobial activity of twenty honey samples obtained from Doganyol, Malatya, Turkey were examined. In order to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of honey samples, the agar well diffusion (AWD) method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were used. For this purpose, ten Gram-positive bacteria and eight Gram-negative bacteria were used. Total phenolic content was found in the range from 9.68 ± 0.72 to 29.40 ± 1.03 mg GAE g<sup>–1</sup> sample. Antioxidant activity of honey samples varied from 2.21 ± 0.46 to 6.03 ± 1.11 µmol FeSO<sub>4</sub> 7H<sub>2</sub>O g<sup>–1</sup>. Honey samples showed moderate antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. It could be concluded from our findings that there is a good correlation between total phenolic content and the biological activity of honey samples.
In this study, the larvae acceptance rate and the royal jelly yield in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies supplemented with different industrial sugars at different locations were determined. For this purpose, feeding groups (1. Sucrose group, 2. Glucose group, 3. Bee feed syrup group, 4. Control group) and locations (1. Battalgazi, 2. Doğanşehir) were formed. In queenless colonies that produce royal jelly, in order to sustain 5-15 day-old young feeder worker bees, two sealed frames with brood from support colonies were added. The royal jelly yield was harvested seven times. Based on the location, the feeding groups, and the location x feeding groups interaction, 12600 larvae were grafted, 9054 larvae were accepted, and the larvae acceptance rate was determined as 71.86%. Based on the location, feeding groups and the location x feeding group interaction, the yield per cell was calculated as 213.15 ± 11.53 mg/cell, the yield per colony as 6.88 ± 0.38 g/col./app., and the total yield per colony as 34.40 ± 1.91 g/colony. In the study, no statistically significant difference was determined between feeding with sucrose, bee feed and the supplementary feeding with glucose. On the other hand, it was determined that the location where the royal jelly was produced affected both the larvae acceptance and the royal jelly yield.
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