2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is an extensively used herbicide in the field of agriculture, its ever-escalating use induces toxicity, health effects, and environmental impact. Oxidative stress plays a key role in pathogenesis of 2,4-D-induced liver and kidney damage. Magnesium (Mg) is a highly effective antioxidant agent in restoring oxidative damage by directly influencing the metabolic and physiological processes. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate Mg role in ameliorating the oxidative damages provoked by 2,4-D in rat model. Male Wistar rats (180–220 g) were distributed into four groups and treated intragastrically for 4 weeks. Group 1: control, group 2: 2,4-D (150 mg/kg body weight/day), group 3: simultaneously treated with 2,4-D (150 mg/kg body weight/day) and Mg supplement (50 mg/kg body weight/day), and group 4: Mg supplement (50 mg/kg body weight/day). Under experimental conditions, plasma hepatic and renal biomarkers, tissue oxidative status, and antioxidant enzymes activities were investigated. Results demonstrated that 2,4-D intoxication caused hepatic and renal impairments as indicated by the significantly increased ( p < 0.001) alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. In addition, 2,4-D caused a significant enhancement ( p < 0.001) in the level of malondialdehyde as well as reduction ( p < 0.001) of the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities in both hepatic and renal tissues. Mg treatment prevented and reversed the toxic variations induced by 2,4-D. In general, these outcomes suggest that Mg may have antioxidant potential and ameliorative effects against 2,4-D provoking hepatic and renal toxicity in rat model.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a commercially used herbicide to manage broadleaf weeds that have various toxicological and ecological effects. In view of ever-escalating use of 2,4-D, risk assessment becomes mandatory to ensure the safety of both human health and the ecosystem. Oxidative injury has been expected as a possible mechanism implicated in 2,4-D toxicity. The present study was planned and conducted to explore the antioxidant potential of selenium (Se) supplementation to moderate the 2,4-D hepatic and renal toxicity in a rat model. The rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups and treated via oral gavage for a period of 4 weeks. Group I: received deionized water as a vehicle, group II: received 2,4-D (150 mg−1 kg−1 day−1), group III: received Se supplement (1 mg−1 kg−1 day−1), and group IV: received 2,4-D (150 mg−1 kg−1 day−1) and Se supplement (1 mg−1 kg−1 day−1) simultaneously. After 4 weeks of administration, 2,4-D induced toxicity was observed, as manifested by disrupted levels of plasma urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Further, 2,4-D caused a considerable increase in tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase. Se supplementation exhibited its antioxidant properties by significantly improving urea, creatinine, ALP, AST, and ALT, and MDA levels and antioxidant enzyme activities. In conclusion, the results suggest that 2,4-D induced hepatic and renal toxicities were attenuated by Se supplementation probably owing to its antioxidant properties.

One of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) utilized globally between the 1930s and 1980s was polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Even though their usage has been severely constrained, a lot of PCBs are still present in the environment, including soils and air. This local, national, international and governmental organizations regarding polychlorinated biphenyls and how can resolve and treat the problem sustainably. This can be achieved if seriously working on degrading persistent organic pollutants, especially polychlorinated biphenyls biologically via thorough research and sound implementation. The methods opted for remediation by the use of choosing suitable types of microorganisms and plants. These methods are practically active for the identification of the source, concentration level and effects on the ecosystem. It would help in developing appropriate strategy and data generation in formulating the inventories for the management of polychlorinated biphenyls in the future. It is also noted through numerous research that polychlorinated biphenyls are also found in human blood commonly analyzed by indicator congeners such as PCB 138,153, 180, and in air and soil markers of PCBs pollution include PCB congeners 28, 52,101,138,153 and 180 as well. The methods and mechanisms described for degrading the persistent pollutant in this research review the solutions for mitigating PCB pollution in an environment. The best option is to strictly ban it in Pakistan or weightage its usage with its multiple benefits and disadvantages. Promote biological treatment if the payback is healthy and environmentally sustainable.