The internal dimension of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the socially responsible behavior of an organization towards its employees. The CSR relationship to employee behavior has received some attention but in general, there is little knowledge about the underlying explanatory mechanisms that can describe this relationship. In this study, a theoretical model of mediation and moderation is developed to explain how CSR can influence employee behavior. Organizational identification and work engagement are used as proxies for employee behavior in the model and internal dimension of CSR is assumed to affect both of them positively. Further, it is proposed that CSR influences the organizational identification positively and this relationship will be stronger in a collectivist culture, which will eventually lead to higher work engagement. A proposed model was tested on a sample of bank employees in Pakistan by using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The results of this study provide contextual and empirical insights into how CSR influences employee behavior.

Drawing on Social Exchange Theory and Self-Determination Theory, this study examines the impact of three leadership styles (ethical, transformational, and passive avoidant) on employee knowledge sharing. Further, this study explores the mediating effect of introjected motivation in the relationship between three leadership styles and employee knowledge sharing. Using time lag data this study employed a sample of 254 faculty members of public sector universities in Pakistan. Results supported the positive relationship between three styles of leadership and employee knowledge sharing. Moreover, our findings confirmed the mediating role of introjected motivation in the relationship between three leadership styles and employee knowledge sharing. Our study is unique, as it simultaneously examines how various styles of leadership predict introjected motivation and employee knowledge sharing. Implications along with limitations and future research directions are discussed.

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In this research, using a time-lagged approach, we investigated the relationship between organizational cronyism and employee performance. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, we tested the mediating role of employee engagement in the relationship between organizational cronyism and employee performance. We also examined how Islamic work ethics moderated the relationship between organizational cronyism and work engagement. The study, with a total of 267 participants, was conducted in the healthcare sector of Pakistan. The results revealed that organizational cronyism was negatively related to employee performance. The analyses confirmed the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between organizational cronyism and employee performance. Similarly, Islamic work ethics moderated the relationship between organizational cronyism and work engagement. Implications for future research as well as managerial implications of our findings along with the limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

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